Advanced aircraft flight performance

664 Pages·2012·13.353 MB·English

by  Filippone, Antonio

ADVANCED AIRCRAFT FLIGHT PERFORMANCE
Thisbookdealswithaircraftflightperformance.Itfocusesoncommer-
cialaircraftbutalsoconsidersexamplesofhigh-performancemilitary
aircraft. The framework is a multi-disciplinary engineering analysis,
fully supported by flight simulation, with software validation at sev-
erallevels.Thebookcoverstopicssuchasgeometricalconfigurations,
configurationaerodynamicsanddeterminationofaerodynamicderiva-
tives,weightengineering,propulsionsystems(gasturbineenginesand
propellers),aircrafttrim,flightenvelopes,missionanalysis,trajectory
optimisation,aircraftnoise,noisetrajectoriesandanalysisofenviron-
mental performance. A unique feature of this book is the discussion
andanalysisoftheenvironmentalperformanceoftheaircraft,focusing
ontopicssuchasaircraftnoiseandcarbondioxideemissions.
Dr.AntonioFilippone’sexpertiseisinthefieldsofcomputationaland
experimental aerodynamics, flight mechanics, energy conversion sys-
tems, propulsion systems, rotating machines (helicopter rotors, pro-
pellers,windturbines),systemsengineering,anddesignandoptimisa-
tion. He has published more than eighty technical papers, ten book
chapters, and two books, including Flight Performance of Fixed and
RotaryWingAircraft(2006).

CambridgeAerospaceSeries
Editors
WeiShyy
and
VigorYang
1. J.M.RolfeandK.J.Staples(eds.):FlightSimulation
2. P.Berlin:TheGeostationaryApplicationsSatellite
3. M.J.T.Smith:AircraftNoise
4. N.X.Vinh:FlightMechanicsofHigh-PerformanceAircraft
5. W.A.MairandD.L.Birdsall:AircraftPerformance
6. M.J.AbzugandE.E.Larrabee:AirplaneStabilityandControl
7. M.J.Sidi:SpacecraftDynamicsandControl
8. J.D.Anderson:AHistoryofAerodynamics
9. A.M.Cruise,J.A.Bowles,C.V.Goodall,andT.J.Patrick:PrinciplesofSpace
InstrumentDesign
10. G.A.Khoury(ed.):AirshipTechnology,SecondEdition
11. J.P.Fielding:IntroductiontoAircraftDesign
12. J.G.Leishman:PrinciplesofHelicopterAerodynamics,SecondEdition
13. J.KatzandA.Plotkin:Low-SpeedAerodynamics,SecondEdition
14. M.J.AbzugandE.E.Larrabee:AirplaneStabilityandControl:AHistoryof
theTechnologiesthatMadeAviationPossible,SecondEdition
15. D.H.HodgesandG.A.Pierce:IntroductiontoStructuralDynamicsand
Aeroelasticity,SecondEdition
16. W.Fehse:AutomaticRendezvousandDockingofSpacecraft
17. R.D.Flack:FundamentalsofJetPropulsionwithApplications
18. E.A.Baskharone:PrinciplesofTurbomachineryinAir-BreathingEngines
19. D.D.Knight:NumericalMethodsforHigh-SpeedFlows
20. C.A.Wagner,T.Hu¨ttl,andP.Sagaut(eds.):Large-EddySimulationfor
Acoustics
21. D.D.Joseph,T.Funada,andJ.Wang:PotentialFlowsofViscousand
ViscoelasticFluids
22. W.Shyy,Y.Lian,H.Liu,J.Tang,andD.Viieru:AerodynamicsofLow
ReynoldsNumberFlyers
23. J.H.Saleh:AnalysesforDurabilityandSystemDesignLifetime
24. B.K.Donaldson:AnalysisofAircraftStructures,SecondEdition
25. C.Segal:TheScramjetEngine:ProcessesandCharacteristics
26. J.F.Doyle:GuidedExplorationsoftheMechanicsofSolidsandStructures
27. A.K.Kundu:AircraftDesign
28. M.I.Friswell,J.E.T.Penny,S.D.Garvey,andA.W.Lees:Dynamicsof
RotatingMachines
29. B.A.Conway(ed.):SpacecraftTrajectoryOptimization
30. R.J.AdrianandJ.Westerweel:ParticleImageVelocimetry
31. G.A.Flandro,H.M.McMahon,andR.L.Roach:BasicAerodynamics
32. H.BabinskyandJ.K.Harvey:ShockWave–Boundary-LayerInteractions
33. C.K.W.Tam:ComputationalAeroacoustics:AWaveNumberApproach
34. A.Filippone:AdvancedAircraftFlightPerformance
Ignorantiquemportumpetatnullussuusventusest.
Nowindisfavourabletoasailorwhodoesnotknowatwhichport
toland.
[LuciusA.Seneca(4BC–AD65),MoralLetterstoLucilius(letter71)]
Advanced Aircraft Flight Performance
Antonio Filippone
TheUniversityofManchester
cambridgeuniversitypress
Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,
Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,MexicoCity
CambridgeUniversityPress
32AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,NY10013-2473,USA
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107024007
©AntonioFilippone2012
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2012
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
Filippone,Antonio,1965–
Advancedaircraftflightperformance/AntonioFilippone.
p. cm.–(Cambridgeaerospaceseries;34)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-107-02400-7(hardback)
1.Airplanes–Performance. 2.Airplanes–Designandconstruction. I.Title.
TL671.4.F449 2012
629.132(cid:2)3–dc23 2012015394
ISBN978-1-107-02400-7Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof
URLsforexternalorthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhispublication
anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchWebsitesis,orwillremain,accurate
orappropriate.
Contents
Tables pagexvii
Preface xxi
Nomenclature xxiii
TechnologyWarning xxvii
1 Prolegomena. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.1 PerformanceParameters 2
1.2 FlightOptimisation 4
1.3 CertificateofAirworthiness 4
1.4 TheNeedforUpgrading 6
1.5 MilitaryAircraftRequirements 7
1.6 ReviewofComprehensivePerformancePrograms 9
1.7 TheScopeofThisBook 10
1.8 ComprehensiveProgramsinThisBook 13
Bibliography 14
2 AircraftModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.1 ModelforTransportAircraft 16
2.2 Wire-FrameDefinitions 20
2.2.1 StochasticMethodforReferenceAreas 21
2.3 WingSections 23
2.4 WettedAreas 24
2.4.1 LiftingSurfaces 24
2.4.2 Fuselage 25
2.4.3 NacellesandPylons 28
2.4.4 Winglets 29
2.4.5 Flaps,SlatsandOtherControlSurfaces 30
2.4.6 ModelVerification:Cross-SectionalArea 30
2.5 AircraftVolumes 31
2.5.1 CaseStudy:DoAircraftSinkorFloatonWater? 32
2.5.2 WingFuelTanks 33
2.6 MeanAerodynamicChord 34
vii
viii Contents
2.7 GeometryModelVerification 35
2.7.1 CaseStudy:WettedAreasofTransportAircraft 36
2.8 ReferenceSystems 37
2.8.1 AngularRelationships 40
2.8.2 DefinitionoftheAircraftState 41
Summary 41
Bibliography 42
NomenclatureforChapter2 42
3 WeightandBalancePerformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.1 AQuestionofSize 45
3.2 DesignandOperationalWeights 47
3.3 WeightManagement 51
3.4 DeterminationofOperationalLimits 52
3.5 CentreofGravityEnvelopes 53
3.5.1 CGTravelduringRefuelling 54
3.5.2 CGTravelinFlight 55
3.5.3 DesignLimitsonCGPosition 57
3.5.4 DeterminationoftheZero-FuelCGLimit 59
3.5.5 InfluenceofCGPositiononPerformance 59
3.6 OperationalMoments 60
3.7 UseofWingTanks 61
3.8 MassandStructuralProperties 62
3.8.1 MassDistribution 64
3.8.2 CentreofGravity 68
3.8.3 MomentsofInertia 68
3.8.4 CaseStudy:MomentsofInertia 73
Summary 75
Bibliography 75
NomenclatureforChapter3 76
4 AerodynamicPerformance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
4.1 AircraftLift 78
4.1.1 CalculationofWingLift 79
4.1.2 WingLiftduringaGroundRun 79
4.1.3 LiftAugmentation 81
4.1.4 MaximumLiftCoefficient 84
4.2 AircraftDrag 85
4.2.1 Lift-InducedDrag 85
4.2.2 ProfileDrag 87
4.2.3 WaveDrag 93
4.2.4 InterferenceDrag 94
4.2.5 DragoftheControlSurfaces 95
4.2.6 Landing-GearDrag 96
4.2.7 EnvironmentalEffects 100
4.2.8 OtherDragComponents 102
Contents ix
4.2.9 CaseStudy:AerodynamicsoftheF4Wind-TunnelModel 102
4.2.10 CaseStudy:DragAnalysisofTransportAircraft 103
4.2.11 CaseStudy:DragAnalysisoftheATR72-500 104
4.2.12 CaseStudy:DragAnalysisoftheAirbusA380-861 104
4.3 TransonicAirfoilModel 105
4.4 AircraftDragatTransonicandSupersonicSpeeds 108
4.4.1 DragofBodiesofRevolution 110
4.5 BuffetBoundaries 113
4.6 AerodynamicDerivatives 114
4.7 Float-Plane’sHullResistanceinWater 115
4.8 VortexWakes 116
Summary 118
Bibliography 118
NomenclatureforChapter4 121
5 EnginePerformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.1 GasTurbineEngines 126
5.2 ThrustandPowerRatings 128
5.2.1 EngineDerating 129
5.2.2 TransientResponse 130
5.3 TurbofanEngineModel 130
5.3.1 Aero-ThermodynamicModel 132
5.3.2 DeterminationofDesignPoint 133
5.3.3 CaseStudy:GeneralElectricCF6-80C2 134
5.3.4 RubberEngines 137
5.3.5 EffectsofContamination 138
5.3.6 PerformanceDeterioration 139
5.3.7 DataHandling 140
5.4 TurbopropEngines 141
5.4.1 CaseStudy:TurbopropPW127M 143
5.5 TurbojetwithAfter-Burning 143
5.6 GeneralisedEnginePerformance 145
5.7 AuxiliaryPowerUnit 147
5.7.1 CaseStudy:HoneywellRE-220APU 149
Summary 149
Bibliography 150
NomenclatureforChapter5 150
6 PropellerPerformance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
6.1 PropellerDefinitions 152
6.1.1 PropellerLimitations 156
6.2 PropulsionModels 156
6.2.1 AxialMomentumTheory 157
6.2.2 TheBladeElementMethod 160
6.2.3 PropellerinNon-AxialFlight 163
6.2.4 CaseStudy:Hamilton-SundstrandF568Propeller 165