Adsorption Processes for Water Treatment and Purification

266 Pages·2017·5.247 MB·English

by  Adrián Bonilla-Petriciolet, Didilia Ileana Mendoza-Castillo, Hilda Elizabeth Reynel-Ávila (eds.)

Adrián Bonilla-Petriciolet 
Didilia Ileana Mendoza-Castillo
Hilda Elizabeth Reynel-Ávila Editors
Adsorption
Processes
for Water
Treatment and
Purifi cation
Adsorption Processes for Water Treatment
and Purification
Adria´n Bonilla-Petriciolet
Didilia Ileana Mendoza-Castillo
´
Hilda Elizabeth Reynel-Avila
Editors
Adsorption Processes
for Water Treatment
and Purification
Editors
Adria´nBonilla-Petriciolet DidiliaIleanaMendoza-Castillo
InstitutoTecnolo´gicodeAguascalientes InstitutoTecnolo´gicodeAguascalientes
Aguascalientes,Me´xico Aguascalientes,Me´xico
HildaElizabethReynel-A´vila
InstitutoTecnolo´gicodeAguascalientes
Aguascalientes,Me´xico
ISBN978-3-319-58135-4 ISBN978-3-319-58136-1 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-58136-1
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017943969
©SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017
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Preface
Adsorption is a competitive technology for the treatment and purification of
wastewater, groundwater, and industrial effluents. This separation process may
offerasatisfactorycost-effectivenesstradeoffforwaterpollutioncontrol.Overall,
theadsorptionprocessengineeringimpliesseveralfactorsthatshouldbeanalyzed,
studied, and optimized to develop economic and technically feasible water treat-
mentstrategies.Thecomplexphysicochemicalnatureofreal-lifemulticomponent
systems imposes new challenges for water pollution control using adsorption
systems. Therefore, the adsorption process intensification is fundamental to face
waterpollutioncausedbyanthropogenicandgeogeniccompounds.
Thisbookcontainseightchaptersthatcoverthestateoftheartofrelevanttopics
of adsorption process and its application for water sanitation. In particular, this
bookdescribesanddiscussesrelevantthemesinvolvedinthemodelinganddesign
ofadsorptionsystemsandthesynthesisandapplicationofalternativeadsorbentsfor
waterpollutioncontrolcausedbydifferentaquaticpollutants.Thesekeyaspectsare
important to develop effective and low-cost water treatment technologies. This
bookwasmotivatedbythedesirethatweandourcolleagueshavehadtopresentthe
developmentsandapplicationsinthisarea.
Editors are grateful to all authors and reviewers for their contribution to this
book. We also acknowledge the support of Susan Westendorf and the staff of
SpringerNatureEditorialfortheirassistanceduringthepreparationofthisbook.
Aguascalientes,Me´xico Adria´nBonilla-Petriciolet
DidiliaIleanaMendoza-Castillo
HildaElizabethReynel-A´vila
v
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Adria´nBonilla-Petriciolet,DidiliaIleanaMendoza-Castillo,
andHildaElizabethReynel-A´vila
1.1 Adsorption:ACost-EffectiveTechnology
forWaterTreatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 PriorityPollutantsinWaterPurification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1 HeavyMetals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.2 Dyes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.3 Pharmaceuticals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.4 Fluoride. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.5 Arsenic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.6 EmergingPollutants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 AdsorptionProcessIntensification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.1 SynthesisofTailoredAdsorbents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.2 OptimizationandDesignofAdsorptionSystems. . . . . . . . 9
1.3.3 ModelingofAdsorptionProcesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.4 RegenerationandFinalDisposal
ofExhaustedAdsorbents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.5 LifeCycleAnalysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4 ScopeandOutlineofChapters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 AdsorptionIsothermsinLiquidPhase:Experimental,
Modeling,andInterpretations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
JefersonSteffanelloPiccin,TitoRobertoSant’AnnaCadavalJr.,
LuizAntonioAlmeidadePinto,andGuilhermeLuizDotto
2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2 ExperimentalProcedurestoObtainEquilibriumCurves. . . . . . . . 25
2.3 ClassificationoftheEquilibriumIsotherms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3.1 Subclasses.. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . 29
vii
viii Contents
2.4 AdsorptionIsothermModels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4.1 Henry’sLaw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4.2 MonolayerAdsorptionandtheLangmuirIsotherm. . . . . . 30
2.4.3 MultilayerAdsorptionandtheBETIsotherm. . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4.4 OtherIsothermModels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4.5 StatisticalPhysicsModels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.4.6 TypicalValuesofIsothermParametersforDifferent
Adsorbate–AdsorbentSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.5 RegressionMethodsandErrorAnalysis. . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. 40
2.5.1 ModelAccuracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.5.2 ComparisonBetweenLinearandNonlinear
RegressionMethods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.6 AdsorptionThermodynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.7 ConcludingRemarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3 AdsorptionKineticsinLiquidPhase:Modeling
forDiscontinuousandContinuousSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
GuilhermeLuizDotto,NinaPaulaGonc¸alvesSalau,
JefersonSteffanelloPiccin,TitoRobertoSant’AnnaCadavalJr.,
andLuizAntonioAlmeidadePinto
3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.2 AdsorptionKineticsinDiscontinuousBatchSystems. . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2.1 DiffusionalMassTransferModels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2.2 AdsorptionReactionModels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.3 Fixed-BedAdsorption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.3.1 MassBalanceandModelingoftheBreakthrough
CurvesBasedonMassTransferMechanism. . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.3.2 EmpiricalModelsforBreakthroughCurves. . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.3.3 DesignofFixed-BedAdsorptionSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.4 NumericalMethodsandParametersEstimation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.4.1 SolvingDiffusionalMassTransferModels. . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.4.2 SolvingAdsorptionReactionModels
andEmpiricalModelsforBreakthroughCurves. . . . . . . . 72
3.5 Conclusion. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . 73
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4 HydrothermalCarbonisation:AnEco-FriendlyMethod
fortheProductionofCarbonAdsorbents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
CarlosJavierDura´n-Valle,AlmudenaB.Botet-Jime´nez,
andDeliaOmenat-Mora´n
4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.2 HydrothermalCarbonPreparation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.2.1 Precursors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.2.2 HydrothermalProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Contents ix
4.2.3 Templates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.2.4 Coating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.2.5 Activation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.2.6 Functionalisation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.2.7 HydrothermalVersusPyrolyticCarbonisation. . . . . . . . . . 91
4.3 Adsorption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.3.1 DyeAdsorption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.3.2 Pesticides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.3.3 Drugs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.3.4 EndocrineDisruptingChemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.3.5 MetalIons. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. 96
4.3.6 Phosphorus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.3.7 Phenols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.3.8 Wastewater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.3.9 Reusability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.4 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5 RemovalofHeavyMetals,Lead,Cadmium,andZinc,
UsingAdsorptionProcessesbyCost-EffectiveAdsorbents. . . . . . . . 109
MengXuandGordonMcKay
5.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.2 AdsorptionProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.2.1 EquilibriumAdsorptionIsotherm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.2.2 KineticStudiesandModels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.3 Low-CostAdsorbentMaterials
andMetalAdsorption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.3.1 AgriculturalWaste. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.3.2 IndustrialBy-ProductsandWastes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.3.3 MarineMaterials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.3.4 ZeoliteandClay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.4 Conclusion. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . 132
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
6 RemovalofAntibioticsfromWaterbyAdsorption/Biosorption
onAdsorbentsfromDifferentRawMaterials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Jose´ Rivera-Utrilla,ManuelSa´nchez-Polo,
andRau´lOcampo-Pe´rez
6.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.2 AdsorbentMaterials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.2.1 CommercialActivatedCarbons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.2.2 Sludge-DerivedMaterials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
6.2.3 ActivatedCarbonsfromPetroleumCoke. . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
x Contents
6.3 KineticStudyoftheAdsorptionofTetracyclines
andNitroimidazolesonSludge-DerivedMaterials
andActivatedCarbons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.3.1 TetracyclinesandNitroimidazolesCharacterization. . . . . . 157
6.3.2 KineticandDiffusionalModels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6.3.3 ResultsandDiscussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
6.4 Adsorption/BiosorptionEquilibriumIsotherms
ofTetracyclinesandNitroimidazolesonSludge-Derived
MaterialsandActivatedCarbons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
6.4.1 NitroimidazoleAdsorptionProcesses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
6.4.2 TetracyclinesAdsorptionIsotherms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
6.4.3 InfluenceofOperationalVariables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
6.5 AdsorptionofTetracyclinesandNitroimidazoles
onSludge-DerivedMaterialsandActivatedCarbons
inDynamicRegime.DeterminationoftheBreakthrough
CurvesandCharacteristicsoftheAdsorbentColumns. . . . . . . . . 193
6.6 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
7 BiosorptionofCopperbySaccharomycescerevisiae:
FromBiomassCharacterizationtoProcessDevelopment. . . . . . . . . 205
PietroAltimari,FabrizioDiCaprio,andFrancescaPagnanelli
7.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
7.2 MaterialsandMethods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
7.2.1 YeastStrain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
7.2.2 PotentiometricTitration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
7.2.3 ImmobilizationintoCalciumAlginate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
7.2.4 BatchBiosorption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
7.2.5 Fixed-BedBiosorption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
7.3 Results. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. 210
7.3.1 IdentificationoftheBiomassActiveSites. . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
7.3.2 BiosorptionbyCalciumAlginateBeads
UnderBatchOperation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
7.3.3 BiosorptionUnderFixed-BedOperation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
7.4 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
8 TransitionMetal-SubstitutedMagnetiteasanInnovative
AdsorbentandHeterogeneousCatalystforWastewater
Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
ShimaRahimPouran,MohammadSalehShafeeyan,
AbdulAzizAbdulRaman,WanMohdAshriWanDaud,
andAbolfazlBayrami
8.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
8.2 TransitionMetal-SubstitutedMagnetite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Contents xi
8.3 PhysicochemicalChangesinModifiedMagnetite. . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
8.4 Adsorption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
8.5 OxidationProcess. . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. 238
8.6 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249