Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach

499 Pages·2012·37.018 MB·English

by  Jeffrey J. Arnett

Why do you need this new edition?
6 good reasons you should buy this new edition
of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood
1. New Learning Objectives appear at the beginning of each chapter to help students better organize
and understand the chapter material.
2. New What Have You Learned? review questions appear after each section to help students pause
and assess their comprehension before moving on to the next section.
3. New Applying Your Knowledge questions within the chapter ask students to apply content to real-
life situations
4. New Video Guides at the end of each chapter highlight new video resources found in
MyDevelopmentLab, an online resource designed to engage students, assess their learning, and
help them succeed. New, original videos are included, filmed in the United States, Mexico, and
Botswana. From these students can observe similarities and differences across cultures and under-
stand how culture impacts development. The Video Guides provide discussion questions to con-
nect the videos to chapter content, and QR codes enable students to access the videos directly
from their smart phones.
5. Updated and expanded research on adolescence around the world that will enhance
students’ understanding of cultural similarities and differences and how culture influences develop-
ment.
6. Updated and expanded theory and research on emerging adulthood, reflecting the exciting
scholarly developments happening in the field.
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Adolescence and
Emerging Adulthood
A Cultural Approach
FiFth Edition
Jeffrey Jensen Arnett
Clark University
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen.
Adolescence and emerging adulthood: a cultural approach / Jeffrey Jensen Arnett. —5th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-89249-5
ISBN-10: 0-205-89249-3
1. Adolescence—Cross-cultural studies. 2. Teenagers—Cross-cultural studies. 3. Young adults—Cross-cultural studies.
4. Adolescent psychology—Cross-cultural studies. I. Title.
HQ796.A7255 2013
155.5—dc23
2012014879
10 9 8 7 6 5 4
Student Edition
ISBN 10: 0-205-89249-3
ISBN 13: 978-0-205-89249-5
Instructor's Review copy
ISBN 10: 0-205-91680-5
ISBN 13: 978-0-205-91680-1
Books a la Carte Edition
ISBN 10: 0-205-89951-X
ISBN 13: 978-0-205-89951-7
Brief Contents
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 2
CHAPTER 2 Biological Foundations 32
CHAPTER 3 Cognitive Foundations 60
CHAPTER 4 Cultural Beliefs 94
CHAPTER 5 Gender 122
CHAPTER 6 The Self 148
CHAPTER 7 Family Relationships 174
CHAPTER 8 Friends and Peers 210
CHAPTER 9 Love and Sexuality 240
CHAPTER 10 School 276
CHAPTER 11 Work 308
CHAPTER 12 Media 336
CHAPTER 13 Problems and Resilience 362
v
Contents
preface xv
about the author xix
Chapter introduction 2
1
Adolescence in Western Cultures: A Brief history 4
adolescence in ancient times 4
adolescence From early Christian times through the Middle ages 5
adolescence From 1500 to 1890 6
the age of adolescence, 1890–1920 6
reSearCh FoCuS the “Monitoring the Future” Study 9
Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood 9
hIStorICaL FoCuS the “Storm and Stress” Debate 12
the transition to Adulthood 14
the transition to adulthood: Cross-Cultural themes 14
the transition to adulthood: Cultural Variations 15
the Scientific Study of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood 15
ethics in human Development research 18
Methods and designs in Research 19
research Methods 19
research Designs 22
CuLturaL FoCuS Moroccan Conceptions of adolescence 24
Adolescence Around the World: A Brief Regional overview 25
Sub-Saharan africa 25
North africa and the Middle east 26
asia 26
India 27
Latin america 27
the West 27
Implications of Cultural Context 28
other themes of the Book 28
historical Contrasts 28
Interdisciplinary approach 29
Gender Issues 29
Globalization 29
Framework of the Book 30
vi
CoNteNtS vii
Chapter Biological Foundations 32
2
the Biological Revolution of Puberty 34
the endocrine System 34
physical Growth During puberty 36
primary Sex Characteristics 41
Secondary Sex Characteristics 42
the order of pubertal events 42
Cultural, Social, and Psychological Responses to Puberty 44
Culture and the timing of puberty 45
reSearCh FoCuS tanner’s Longitudinal research on pubertal Development 46
Cultural responses to puberty: puberty rituals 47
CuLturaL FoCuS Coming of age in Samoa 49
Social and personal responses to puberty 50
early and Late pubertal timing 52
hIStorICaL FoCuS Menarche as a taboo topic 53
Biological development and the Environment: the theory of Genotype —> Environment
Effects 56
Genotype —> environment effects over time 57
Chapter Cognitive Foundations 60
3
Piaget’s theory of Cognitive development 62
Stages of Cognitive Development in Childhood and adolescence 63
Formal operations in adolescence 64
abstract thinking 65
Complex thinking 65
Metacognition: thinking about thinking 66
Limitations of piaget’s theory 66
Cognitive development in Emerging Adulthood: Postformal thinking 68
pragmatism 68
CuLturaL FoCuS Formal operations among the Inuit 69
reflective Judgment 70
the information-Processing Approach 71
attention 72
Storing and retrieving Information: Short-term and Long-term Memory 72
processing Information: Speed, automaticity, and executive Functioning 73
hIStorICaL FoCuS Gender and Cognitive Development in emerging adulthood 74
Limitations of the Information-processing approach 75
Practical Cognition: Critical thinking and decision Making 76
the Development of Critical thinking 76
Can adolescents Make Competent Decisions? 77
viii CoNteNtS
Social Cognition 79
perspective taking 79
adolescent egocentrism 80
the Psychometric Approach: intelligence testing 83
the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler Intelligence tests 83
reSearCh FoCuS the Wechsler IQ tests 84
Intelligence tests and adolescent Development 85
other Conceptions of Intelligence: the theory of Multiple Intelligences 86
Brain development in Adolescence 87
Culture and Cognitive development 89
Chapter Cultural Beliefs 94
4
What Are Cultural Beliefs? 95
Cultural Beliefs and Socialization 96
CuLturaL FoCuS the Bar and Bat Mitzvah 97
Cultural Values: Individualism and Collectivism 98
Broad and Narrow Socialization 99
Sources of Socialization 100
an example of Socialization for Cultural Beliefs 101
Socialization for Cultural Beliefs in the West 102
Cultural Beliefs and the Custom Complex 103
hIStorICaL FoCuS the origin of the Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts 104
Cultural Beliefs in Multicultural Societies 105
When east Meets West: Chinese adolescents in australia and the united States 106
Religious Beliefs 107
reSearCh FoCuS religious practices and Social Desirability 109
religious Beliefs and Cognitive Development 111
Cultural Beliefs and Moral development 112
piaget’s theory 112
Kohlberg’s theory 113
Critiques of Kohlberg 114
Political Beliefs 118
political Ideas as Cultural Beliefs 119
emerging adults’ political Involvement 119
Chapter Gender 122
5
Adolescents and Gender in traditional Cultures 123
From Girl to Woman 124
From Boy to Man 125
CuLturaL FoCuS Male and Female Circumcision in adolescence 126
CoNteNtS ix
Adolescents and Gender in American history 128
From Girl to Woman 128
From Boy to Man 130
Socialization and Gender in the West 131
the Gender Intensification hypothesis 131
Cultural Beliefs about Gender 132
Gender Socialization: Family, peers, and School 132
Media and Gender 133
Gender Socialization as a Source of problems 135
Cognition and Gender 135
Masculinity, Femininity, and androgyny 137
hIStorICaL FoCuS the Women’s Movement of the 1960s 139
Gender roles in american Minority Groups 140
Gender Stereotypes in emerging adulthood 141
the persistence of Beliefs about Gender Differences 142
Gender and Globalization 143
reSearCh FoCuS Meta-analyses of Gender Differences 144
Chapter the Self 148
6
Culture and the Self 150
Self-Conceptions 150
More abstract 151
More Complex 151
Self-Esteem 152
Self-esteem From preadolescence through adolescence 153
Different aspects of Self-esteem 153
Self-esteem and physical appearance 154
reSearCh FoCuS harter’s Self-perception profile for adolescents 155
Causes and effects of Self-esteem 156
Self-esteem in emerging adulthood 156
the Emotional Self 157
Gender and the emotional Self: Do adolescent Girls Lose their “Voice”? 158
identity 159
hIStorICaL FoCuS Young Man Luther 160
erikson’s theory 161
research on Identity 163
Critiques and elaborations of Identity theory and research 165
ethnic Identity 167
Identity and Globalization 168
the Self, Alone 169
CuLturaL FoCuS the Native american Self 170