Adipose Tissues - S. Klaus (Landes, 2001) WW PDF
Preview Adipose Tissues - S. Klaus (Landes, 2001) WW
Susanne Klaus Adipose Tissues MEDICAL INTELLIGENCE UNIT 27 Susanne Klaus, Ph.D. German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany Adipose Tissues MEDICAL INTELLIGENCE UNIT 27 EUREKAH.COM AUSTIN, TEXAS U.S.A. LANDES BIOSCIENCE GEORGETOWN, TEXAS U.S.A. Medical Intelligence Unit Eurekah.com Landes Bioscience Copyright ©2001 Eurekah.com All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the U.S.A. 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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN: 1-58706-040-X hard cover version ISBN: 1-58706-083-3 soft cover version ADIPOSE TISSUES Designed by Jesse Kelly-Landes Adipose tissues / [edited by] Susanne Klaus. p. ; cm. -- (Medical intelligence unit) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-58706-040-X (hardcover) 1. Adipose tissues--Physiology. 2. Adipose tissues--Pathophysiology. 3. Obesity--Pathophysiology. I. Klaus, Susanne, 1959- II. Series. [DNLM: 1. Adipose Tissue. QS 532.5.A3 A23475 2000] QP88.15 .A326 2000 611'.0182--dc21 CONTENTS Preface ................................................................................................ viii 1. Overview: Biological Significance of Fat and Adipose Tissues ................ 1 Susanne Klaus Fat, the Ideal Energy Store .................................................................... 1 Fat and Adipose Tissue in Humans ....................................................... 3 Additional Functions of Fat and Adipose Tissue.................................... 5 Fat in Tissue Engineering ...................................................................... 8 Conclusions and Outlook...................................................................... 9 2. Morphology of the Adipose Organ .......................................................11 Saverio Cinti White Adipose Tissue.......................................................................... 11 Brown Adipose Tissue ......................................................................... 18 Vascular Supply ................................................................................... 22 Innervation.......................................................................................... 23 3. Development of White Adipose Tissue and Adipocyte Differentiation ..............................................................27 Gérard Ailhaud When and Where Does White Adipose Tissue Develop in the Body?.. 27 White Adipose Tissue Requires a Few Hormones to Develop.............. 31 Dietary Fat Intake and Development of White Adipose Tissue ........... 33 Cellular Models for the Study of Adipocyte Differentiation and Cell Plasticity............................................................................ 34 Sequential Events of Adipogenesis ....................................................... 35 Adipogenic Factors that Trigger Adipocyte Differentiation ................. 38 Antiadipogenic Factors ........................................................................ 42 Transcriptional Activators of Adipogenesis .......................................... 43 Fat Tissue Development in Targeted Gene Knockout Mice ................ 45 Transcriptional Repressors Implicated in Adipogenesis........................ 45 A Speculative and Integrated View of Adipogenesis ............................. 46 Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and the Adipose Lineage...... 47 Conclusions and Perspectives .............................................................. 47 Acknowledgements.............................................................................. 48 4. Brown Adipose Tissue: Thermogenic Function and Its Physiological Regulation ..........................................................56 Susanne Klaus Nonshivering Thermogenesis: Physiological Function of Brown Fat ... 56 Definition of BAT In Contrast To WAT ............................................ 58 Occurrence and Abundance ................................................................ 60 Brown Fat in Humans ......................................................................... 62 Mechanism of Heat Production: Function of UCP1 ........................... 63 Physiological Regulation of Brown Fat Function ................................. 67 Adrenergic Control of BAT Thermogenic Activity .............................. 70 Endocrine Control of BAT Thermogenic Activity ............................... 72 Conclusions......................................................................................... 73 5. Brown Adipocyte Differentiation and Function in Energy Metabolism ....................................................82 Susanne Klaus Brown Preadipocyte Cell Culture Systems ........................................... 82 Regulation of Brown Adipocyte Differentiation .................................. 83 Brown Fat in Energy Regulation and Obesity (Transgenic Animals) ... 90 Conclusion and Perspectives................................................................ 91 6. Central Nervous System Innervation of Brown Adipose Tissue ...........97 Timothy J. Bartness, C. Kay Song, Gregory E. Demas Innervation of BAT: Neuroanatomy at the Level of the Fat Pad .......... 98 Sensory Innervation of BAT ................................................................ 98 Peripheral Denervation of BAT ........................................................... 99 Sensory Denervation of BAT ............................................................. 101 SNS Outflow from Brain to BAT...................................................... 102 Electrophysiological Studies of BAT .................................................. 103 Manipulations of the VMH/PVN and the Responses of BAT ........... 103 Manipulations of the SCN and the Responses of BAT ...................... 105 Manipulations of Other CNS Sites and the Responses of BAT.......... 105 Centrally-Administered Leptin and the Responses of BAT ................ 106 Some Species Differences in BAT SNS Mediation of BAT Function. 107 Directions for Future Research .......................................................... 107 Acknowledgments ............................................................................. 108 7. Central Nervous System Innervation of White Adipose Tissue ....................................................................116 Timothy J. Bartness, Gregory E. Demas, C. Kay Song Innervation of WAT.......................................................................... 116 Neuroanatomy at the Level of the Fat Pad......................................... 117 Sensory Innervation of WAT............................................................. 118 Peripheral Denervation of WAT........................................................ 120 SNS Outflow from Brain to WAT .................................................... 121 Electrophysiological Studies of WAT ................................................ 122 CNS Manipulations Affecting WAT ................................................. 123 Summary........................................................................................... 125 Acknowledgments ............................................................................. 125 8. Heterogeneity of Adipose Tissue Metabolism ....................................131 Michael Boschmann Techniques for Investigating Adipose Tissue Metabolism .................. 132 Basic Aspects of Adipocyte Metabolism ............................................. 134 Lipogenesis and the Role of Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL)....................... 134 Lipolysis and the Role of Hormone Sensitive Lipase .......................... 138 Adipose Tissue as a Source of Lactate ................................................ 147 Body Fat Distribution and the Role of Sex Steroids ........................... 148 Conclusions....................................................................................... 149 9. White Adipose Tissue as a Secretory and Endocrine Organ: Leptin and Other Secreted Proteins................ 158 Paul Trayhurn, Nigel Hoggard, D. Vernon Rayner Fatty Acids and Steroid Secretions ..................................................... 158 Leptin................................................................................................ 159 Adipose Tissue Secreted Proteins ....................................................... 168 Coda ................................................................................................. 173 Acknowledgments ............................................................................. 173 10. Adipose Tissue Pathology in Human Obesity .................................... 183 Hans Hauner, Thomas Skurk Adipose Tissue Cellularity in Obese Humans .................................... 184 Adipose Tissue Development in Human Obesity .............................. 185 Adipose Tissue Function in Human Obesity ..................................... 186 Changes of Fat Cell Function by Fasting and After Weight Loss ....... 192 Conclusions....................................................................................... 194 Index ..................................................................................................199 Susanne Klaus, Ph.D. German Institute of Human Nutrtion Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany Chapters 1, 4, 5 EDITOR Gérard Ailhaud Institut de Recherches Signalisation, Biologie du Développement et Cancer Laboratoire ”Biologie du Développement du Tissu Adipeux” Centre de Biochimie Nice, France E-mail:
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