Adhesive Chemistry: Developments and Trends

846 Pages·1985·25.177 MB·English

by  Lieng-Huang Lee (auth.), Lieng-Huang Lee (eds.)

ADHESIVE
CHEMISTRY
DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS
POLYMER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Editorial Board:
William J. Bailey, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
J. P. Berry, Rubber and Plastics Research Association of Great Britain,
Shawbury, Shrewsbury, England
A. T. DiBenedetto, The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
C. A. J. Hoeve, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas
Yoichi Ishida, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
Frank E. Karasz, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts
Oslas Solomon, Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Recent volumes in the series:
Volume 16 POLYMERIC SEPARATION MEDIA
Edited by Anthony R. Cooper
Volume 17 POLYMER APPLICATIONS OF RENEWABLE-RESOURCE MATERIALS
Edited by Charles E. Carraher, Jr., and L. H. Sperling
Volume 18 REACTION INJECTION MOLDING AND FAST POLYMERIZATION REACTIONS
Edited by Jiri E. Kresta
Volume 19 COORDINATION POLYMERIZATION
Edited by Charles C. Price and Edwin J. Vandenberg
Volume 20 POLYMER ALLOYS III: Blends, Blocks, Grafts, and Interpenetrating Networks
Edited by Daniel Klempner and Kurt C. Frisch
Volume 21 MODIFICATION OF POLYMERS
Edited by Charles E. Carraher, Jr., and James A. Moore
Volume 22 STRUCTURE PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS OF POLYMERIC SOLIDS
Edited by Anne Hiltner
Volume 23 POLYMERS IN MEDICINE: Biomedical and Pharmacological Applications
Edited by Emo Chiellini and Paolo Giusti
Volume 24 CROWN ETHERS AND PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS IN POLYMER SCIENCE
Edited by Lon J. Mathias and Charles E. Carraher, Jr.
Volume 25 NEW MONOMERS AND POLYMERS
Edited by Bill M. Culbertson and Charles U. Pittman, Jr.
Volume 26 POLYMER ADDITIVES
Edited by Jiri E. Kresta
Volume 27 MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPOSITE INTERFACES
Edited by Hatsuo Ishida and Ganesh Kumar
Volume 28 POLYMERIC LIQUID CRYSTALS
Edited by Alexandre Blumstein
Volume 29 ADHESIVE CHEMISTRY: Developments and Trends
Edited by Lieng-Huang Lee
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ADHESIVE
CHEMISTRY
DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS
EDITED BY
LIENG-HUANG LEE
Webster Research Center
Xerox Corporation
Webster, New York
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Symposium on Recent Developments in Adhesive Chemistry (1983: Seattle, Wash.)
Adhesive chemistry, developments and trends.
(Polymer science and technology; v. 29)
"Proceedings of a Symposium on Recent Developments in Adhesive Chemistry, held
March 21-23, 1983, in Seattle, Washington"-T.p. verso.
Includes bibliographies and indexes.
1. Adhesives-Congresses. I. Lee, lieng-Huang, 1924- . II. Title. V. Series.
TP967.S96 1983 668'.3 84-24977
ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-9481-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4613-2435-5
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2435-5
Proceedings of a symposium on Recent Developments in Adhesive Chemistry,
sponsored by the Division of Organic Coatings and Plastics Chemistry of the
American Chemical Society, held March 21-23, 1983, in Seattle, Washington
© 1984 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1984
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
Since the first symposium on Recent Advances in
Adhesion, held September, 1971 in Washington, D.C., this
Division of the American Chemical Society has continuously
sponsored several symposia on adhesion and adhesives. The
chemists have gradually realized the importance of adhesion
in various fields of science and technology. During these
years, the science of adhesion has steadily grown along with
progress in surface science and fracture mechanics.
Moreover, new adhesives have been invented and applied in
actual structures, for example, structural and aerospace
adhesives.
In response to socio-economic demands, new forms of
adhesives have been introduced to combat the problems of
pollution and to promote energy-conservation. The
developments of hot-melt adhesives, waterborne adhesives,
and radiation-curable adhesives are vivid examples of
successes in solving some of the problems. As chemists, our
hatural desire is to understand how those new adhesives and
new forms of adhesives are made. Thus, we are interested in
learning about the chemistry of adhesives so that we may
create new generations of materials to satisfy future
needs. It was based on this common interest that w~ set
forth to org'anize this Symposium on Recent Developments in
Adhesive Chemistry. It was held from March 21 through 23,
1983 in the Westin Hotel, Seattle, Washington. The
Symposium was very well attended. As a matter of fact, for
the first two sessions, we had to move from the smaller Mt.
St. Helen Room to the larger Grand Ballroom, not because of
superstition, but because of sheer necessity to accommo
date a larger than expected attendance.
v
vi PREFACE
As a record of this successful Conference, all papers
(after revision) presented to the Symposium and the
discussions during the meeting are now published in these
Proceedings. In addition, the contributions shortly after
the Conference in projecting future trends of adhesive
research are also included. As a result, the new title for
the volume becomes "Adhesive Chemistry - Developments and
Trends." The six parts following the or ig inal order of the
Conference are:
I. Chemistry of Adhesion - The Importance of Interface
II. Physics of Adhesion - Characterization of Surface and
Bulk of Adhesive Systems
III. Radiation-curable Adhesives
IV. High Temperature Adhesives
V. Anaerobic and Structural Adhesives
VI. Trends in Adhesive Research
As Chairman of the Symposium, I would like to take this
opportunity to thank our contributors~ their names and
biographies are at the end of this volume. And, I thank
Session Chairmen: Dr. L. H. Sharpe, Dr. V. D. McGinniss, Dr.
K. C. Stueben, and Professor J. P. Wightman. I sincerely
appreciate the skill and patience of Ms. Jeraldine T. Allen
and Ms. Nancy MacDonald in typing the entire Proceedings in
a camera-ready format.
Acknowledgement is also made to the donors of the
Petroleum Research Fund, administered by the Amer ican
Chemical Society, for their partial support of this
Symposium.
Lieng-Huang Lee
June, 1984
CONTENTS
PART ONE: Chemistry of Adhesion -
The Importance of Interface
Introductory Remarks 3
LIENG-HUANG LEE
Recent Developments in Adhesive and Sealant
Chemistry 5
LIENG-HUANG LEE
Overview of Adherence Phenomena 63
DANIEL MAUGIS
An Analytical Method for Determining the
Surface Energy of Solid Polymers 95
MICHAEL C. H. LEE
Effect of Amine Surface Treatment on the
Adhe s ion of a Polyu rethane to the Sur face 121
FASI LIANG AND PATRICIA DREYFUSS
Effect of Silane on Glass/Resin Adhesion Strength 139
YONA ECKSTEIN AND ELISABETH J. BERGER
Discussion 165
PART TWO: Physics of Adhesion -
Characterization of Surface
and Bulk of Adhesive Systems
vii
viii CONTENTS
Introductory Remarks 171
L. H. SHARPE
New Applications of ESCA 175
D. BRIGGS
Fracto-Emission Accompanying Adhesive Failure 193
J. T. DICKINSON
Monitoring Epoxy Cure Kinetics with a
Viscosity-Dependent Fluorescent Probe 245
R. L. LEVY AND D. P. AMES
Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Silicone
Pressure Sensitive Adhesives 257
B. C. COPLEY
The Viscoelastic Properties of Pressure
Sensitive Adhesives 269
J. B. CLASS AND S. G. CHU
Block Copolymer Adhesive Stu'dies 297
T. C. WARD, ANNE WOOD BRINKLEY,
MARGARET SHERIDAN AND PAUL KONING
Discussion 311
PART THREE: Radiation-Curable Adhesives
Introductory Remarks 317
V. D. McGINNISS
Ultraviolet Cured Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives 319
KENNETH C. STUEBEN
Recent Progress in Photoinitiated
Cationic Polymerization 351
JAMES V. CRIVELLO
Polymer and Formulation Design Characteristics
for Developing Bonding Capabilities of
Radiation-Curable Coatings and Adhesive Systems 363
VINCENT D. McGINNISS
CONTENTS ix
Dynamic Thermal Analysis Characterizations
of Electron-Beam Cured Adhesives 379
F. J. CAMPBELL
Reactive Butadiene/Acrylonitrile Liquid
and Solid Elastomers: Formulating Acrylic,
Anaerobic, and Radiation-Curable Adhesives 393
R. S. DRAKE AND A. R. SIEBERT
Photoinitiators: A Review of Mechanisms
and Applications 409
L. R. GATECHAIR AND D. WOSTRATZKY
Discussion 439
PART FOUR: High Temperature Adhesives
Introductory Remarks 445
K. C. STUEBEN
Status of High Temperature Adhesives 447
P. M. HERGENROTHER
Polyimide Adhesives: Modified with ATBN
and Silicone Elastomers 467
ANNE K. ST. CLAIR, TERRY L. ST. CLAIR
AND STEPHEN A. EZZELL
The Application of Thermodynamic and
Spectroscopic Techniques to Adhesion
in the Polyimide/Ti 6-4 and Polyphenyl
quinoxaline/Ti 6-4 Systems 481
S. DIAS AND J. P. WIGHTMAN
Evaluation of High Temperature Structural
Adhesives for Extended Service 489
C. L. HENDRICKS AND S. G. HILL
Aminosilane and Metal Modifications
of Polyimide Surfaces 517
H. J. LEARY, JR. AND D. S. CAMPBELL
x CONTENTS
Influence of Molecular Weight on Fracture
Behavior of Polyphenylquinoxaline Thermosets 525
T. E. HELMINIAK AND W. B. JONES
Discussion 533
PART FIVE: Anaerobic and Structural
Adhesives
Introductory Remarks 539
JAMES P. WIGHTMAN
Some Recent Developments in Scanning
Electron Microscopy 543
R. BUCHANAN
Potential Anaerobic and Structural Acrylic
Modified Polyester Adhesives 575
R. A. PIKE AND F. P. LAMM
Anaerobic Adhesives Containing Maleimides
Having Improved Thermal Resistance 589
L. J. BACCEI AND B. M. MALOFSKY
Chemistry of Accelerators for Curing
Anaerobic Adhesives - Reaction of
N,N-Dimethylaniline Derivatives with
Cumene Hydroperoxide 603
R. W. R. HUMPHREYS
Chemistry, Physical Properties and
Durability of Structural Adhesive Bonds 617
A. V. POCIUS, D. A. WANGSNESS,
C. J. ALMER AND A. G. McKOWN
Reactive Butadiene/Acrylonitrile Liquid
and Solid Elastomers: A Bibliography
for Formulating Epoxy Structured Adhesives 643
R. S. DRAKE AND A. R. SIEBERT