ADHD: What Everyone Needs to Know PDF
Preview ADHD: What Everyone Needs to Know
ADHD WHAT EVERYONE NEEDS TO KNOW® ADHD WHAT EVERYONE NEEDS TO KNOW® STEPHEN P. HINSHAW AND KATHERINE ELLISON 1 3 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. “What Everyone Needs to Know” is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 © Stephen P. Hinshaw and Katherine Ellison 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hinshaw, Stephen P. ADHD : what everyone needs to know / Stephen P. Hinshaw and Katherine Ellison. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–19–022379–3 (pb : alk. paper)—ISBN 978–0–19–022380–9 (hb : alk. paper) 1. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. I. Ellison, Katherine, 1957– II. Title. RJ506.H9H58 2015 618.92’8589—dc23 2015014400 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper We dedicate ADHD: What Everyone Needs to Know® to anyone who has ever wondered whether the occasional joys of spontaneity are worth the annual costs of replacing lost sunglasses, keys, and cellphones, and to everyone willing to make the effort to understand, appreciate, and occasionally forgive the blessings and challenges of neurodiversity. CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii INTRODUCTION xv PART I: FACING THE FACTS 1 What Is ADHD? And Why Should We Care? 3 In a Nutshell, What is ADHD? 3 What are the Core Symptoms? 4 Is ADHD Best Considered a Deficit of Attention? Or is the More Basic Problem a Lack of Self-Control? 8 Aren’t the Symptoms So Often Attributed to ADHD Simply Typical Characteristics of Being a Young Child (Especially a Boy)? 10 What’s the Difference Between ADHD and ADD? 11 What are Some Good Reasons to Take ADHD Seriously? 12 Focusing On: The Nature of ADHD 13 2 How Widespread Is It? 15 How Prevalent is ADHD in the United States Today, for Both Children and Adults? 15 How Fast Have US Rates of ADHD Been Increasing, and Why? 16 viii CONTENTS Do the Rising Rates of ADHD have Anything in Common with the Similarly Rising Rates of Autism? 19 Is this Disorder Something New or Has it Always Been Around in Some Form? 20 Focusing On: Prevalence 24 3. What Causes It? 25 What is the Most Common Cause of ADHD? (Spoiler Alert: It Runs in Families) 25 What Other Factors Might Cause ADHD? 27 What’s Going on inside the Brains of People with ADHD that Causes the Symptoms? 30 How Much Influence Do Parents Have, if Any—And in What Ways? 33 What Role Do Schools and Academic Pressures Play in Today’s High Rates of ADHD? 37 What Do People with ADHD Need to Know about Video Games, Social Media, and Other Forms of Screen Entertainment? 38 Focusing On: Causes 41 4 How Do You Know If You Have It? 43 Under What Circumstances Should Your Child, Your Partner—Or You Yourself—Be Evaluated for ADHD? 43 Who is Most Likely to Diagnose ADHD? 44 How Should ADHD be Diagnosed? 45 Why Do the Symptoms Show Up More Often in School and on the Job than at Other Times? 48 Is There Any Objective Assessment for ADHD, Such as a Blood Test or Brain Scan? 49 What Do You Need to Know about the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)? 50 What is Neuropsychological Testing, and is it Ever a Good Idea? 52 CONTENTS ix What Kinds of Professional Guidelines Exist for the Diagnosis of ADHD? 53 What Kinds of Problems or Conditions Produce Symptoms Similar to ADHD, and How Can Clinicians Distinguish Which Issue or Issues to Treat First? 54 What Additional Disorders or Life Problems Commonly Coexist with ADHD? 58 Are there Special Considerations for Diagnosing the Inattentive Form of ADHD? 61 What Can You Do to Make Sure You Get the Best Possible Assessment? 62 Focusing On: Diagnosis 63 5. How Does ADHD Change Over the Lifespan? 65 What Does ADHD Look Like in the Earliest Years of Life? 65 What are the Typical Consequences of ADHD in Grade School? 66 How does ADHD Reveal Itself During Adolescence? 69 To what Extent Does ADHD Persist into Adulthood? 71 How does ADHD Influence People’s Self-Esteem? 72 But Wait! Isn’t ADHD Really a Gift? 73 What Contexts Best Suit People with ADHD? 75 What is the Evidence for Resilience in People with ADHD—that is, the Chance for Positive Outcomes Despite the Symptoms? 76 Focusing On: ADHD Over the Lifespan 76 6. How Much Does It Matter Who You Are and Where You Live? 79 How Do ADHD Rates Vary Between Males and Females? 79 How Do the Symptoms Vary Between the Two Genders? 80 What are the Long-Term Consequences of ADHD for Females, Especially When the Disorder isn’t Addressed in Childhood? 81 What are the Differences in Diagnoses Among Racial and Economic Groups? 84
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