Additions to the Indo-Australian representatives of Acarnus Gray (Porifera: Demospangiae: Poecilosclerida), with description of a new species

10 Pages·1991·2.6 MB·English

by  Freerk Hiemstra

ADDITIONS TO THE INDO-AUSTRALIAN REPRESENTATIVES OFACARNUS
GRAY (PORIFERA: DEMOSPONGIAE: POECILOSCLERIDA), WITH DESCRIPTION
OF A NEW SPECIES
FREERK HIEMSTRA AND JOHN N.A. HOOPER
Hiemstra, F. and Hooper, J.N.A. 1991 08 01: Additions to the Indo-Australian repre-
sentatives ofAcarnusGray (Porifera:Demospongiae:Poecilosclerida),with description of
a new species. Memoirs ofthe Queensland Museum 30(3): 431-442. Brisbane. ISSN
0079-8835.
The poorly known species4car/iw.vtenuisfrom southern Australian waters is redescribed
and illustrated for the first time. A new species from Sumbawa in Indonesian waters is
described,bringingthetotalnumberofspeciesknownforIndo-Australianwaterstoseven,
and a key for Indo-Australian species isgiven. 14speciesofAcarnus arenow recognized
worldwide, and a briefsynopsis ofthe genus is given. Phylogenetic relationships of the
genus proposed by Hooper(1987) are re-evaluatedand five species-groupsare proposed.
PoriferOy Demospongiae,Acarnus, /tewspecies,Australia, Indonesia.
Freerk Hiemstra, Institute of Taxonomic Zoology (Zoological Museum), University of
Amsterdam PO Box 4766 I009-AT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; John N.A. Hooper,
Northern Territory Museum ofArts and Sciences, GPO Box 4646, Darwin, Northern
Territory0801, Australia; 10February, 1990.
BMNH
Recent collections undertaken by theSnellius the remaining microscope slides
IIexpedition in southern Indonesiadiscovered a (reported by Ayling el ai, 1982) became avail-
thinly incrusting, previously undescribed able. In this paper A. tenuis is redescribed and
speciesofAcarnus, bringingthe total numberof illustrated for the first time. Its phylogenetic
species known for the genus to 14. Given the relationships with other members of the genus
close proximity ofthe type locality (Sumbawa) were merelyspeculated upon by Hooper(1987),
tthoitshneenworstpheccioeasstmaofyAaulsstorableiaa,paitrtisofpotshseitbrloepitchaalt but these are now re-evaluated. A key is also
presented for identification of the seven Indo-
Australian sponge fauna, since other species of
Acarnus known to occur in Australian waters, Australian Acarnus species, and illustrations
recorded by Hooper (1987), have also been comparing these species are presented.
found in southern Indonesia (ZMA collections,
METHODS
van Soest, personal communication; van Soest
H
1989). In addition, the Snellius collections in
Amsterdam alsocontain specimensofA. souriei Methods of collection, preservation and
(Levi, 1952) from Indonesian waters, which ex- preparation ofspecimens forexamination under
tends its known distribution further eastwards light microscopy are described elsewhere
from Palk Bay, India (Hooper, 1987, fig. 39). (Hooper,1986).Spiculemeasurements,basedon
ThroughtheeffortsofMissShirleySlone,type 25 units, are presented as lower range-mean-
material of the poorly known A. tenuis Dendy upper range of lengths x widths. Preparation of
fromsouthernBAMusNtrHalianwaterswasmadeavail- material for scanning electron microscope ex-
ablefromthe collections,andthespecies amination is described by Buizer and van Soest
is re-described hereN. AMlVthough ‘syntypes’ ofthe (1977). The following abbreviations are used in
aspceocmiepsrehheeldnsiinvteherevisionwoefrteheexgaemniunse(dHodoupreirn,g the text: BMNH, British Museum (Natural His-
1987), no trace ofthe specieswas found on any tory), London; MNHN, Museum National d’-
of the incrusting sponge substrates. Acarnus Histoire Naturelle, Paris; NMV, Museum of
tenuis was subsequently treated as aspecies in- Victoria, Melbourne; NTM, Northern Territory
quirenda, and its characters, as described by Museum, Darwin; ZMA, Zoological Museum
Dendy (1896), were declared circumspect until Amsterdam.
434 MEMOIRS OFTHE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
SYSTEMATICS of the Microcionidae (e.g. C. (Axociella)
cylindrical C. (Clathria) inancliorata; Hooper,
Order POECILOSCLERIDA Topsent in preparation).
Family MYXILLIDAETopsent The familyplacemento(Acarnusis lesseasily
Acarnus Gray, 1867 decided. Van Soest (1984) transferred the genus
from its traditional placement with the
Acarnus Gray, 1867:544 [type species and full Microcionidae to the Myxillidae, based on the
synonymy given by Hooper, 1987]. possession of ectosomal diactinal spicules
(tylotes), which are apomorphic for the family.
Diagnosis Hooper (1987:72) summarizes the arguments
Ectosomal spicules are tylotes; choanosomal presented by various authors in favour of each
spicules are smooth styles, with or without system, and he chose to include the genus with
microspined bases, echinatcd by cladotylotes the Myxillidae on the basis that the possession
and sometimes by acanthostyles; microscleres ofectosomal tylotesprovidestheonlyconsistent
lcayruerivnpecadll,umdawiitnteghiarscoeaccthueerglvoaeredyapwnohdiinttcoshxa(is‘s,otxthhhioecrklnaa'tntsderheauvpseeundal)ly.- ctttrhwwuaeoereafntcahtAmaetiCrl£it?aehrn/eszdrMe(5cHalaoernoeadpretmrdha,iefnfMiyenircepcrrnhoetacpir.iaa)otc.intoieHndroasbweees,thvewaeserrpeee,dnciitbatelhi--es
ly the geometry of microscleres. For the
Remarks
purposesofthe present study the Microcionidae
Species are easily recognizable as belonging are considered to be an outlying sister-group of
to the order Poecilosclerida in having chelate Myxillidae such as Acarnus. This argument is
microscleres,andasmembersofthegenusAcor- developed furtherbelow.
nus by their possession of cladotylotes. The
recurved apical spinesorclads ofthese spicules
show some similarities with some Raspailiidae Acarnus tenuis Dendy, 1896
(e.g. Ectyoplasia, Endectyon) and tetractinal (Figs l,3a,b)
spicules of the Tctraclinomorpha, but these are
obviouslyanalogousstructures.Evidenceforthe Acarnus tenuis Dendy, 1896:50-51. Hooper, 1987:
origin ofcladotylotes is conflicting. On the one 87-90, tables.
hand (e.g.A.primigeniussp.nov.) the tetractinal
modificationsto cladotylotes \nAcarnusappear
to be highly derived forms ofnormal acanthos- MaterialExamined
tyle stock. This is illustrated by the series of Lectotype: BMNH 1902.10.18.62(RN974)(micro-
spicules described in Figure 2a. Thissituation is scope slide): vicinity of Port Phillip Heads, Mel-
thought to be similarto the origin and modifica- bourne, Victoria, 38'’20’S, !44“42*E; date and depth
tion of acanthoplagiotrienes (monact, diact, tri- of collection unknown, J.B.Wilson, dredge [NMV
act,tetractandpentadforms)in theRaspailiidae G2456now consistsonly ofaspecimenofthe sponge
genera Cyamon and Trikentrion (Hooper Plumohalichondria arenacea, upon which A. tenuis
1991b). Conversely, there is also a sequence incrusted, and from which the BMNH microscope
demonstrated inA, tenuis(Fig. la,b) which sug- slidepreparationwasmade,butnotraceoftheincrust-
gests that larger, smooth-shaft forms of ingsponge was found].
cladotylotes at least may be derived from ec- Paralectotype: BMNH 1902.10.18.375 (RN991)
tosomal tylotes. In this regardA. tenuis is atypi- (microscope slide): same locality [NMV G2457 is a
cal of other species, and for reasons discussed specimen of Tedania digitata, upon which A. tenuis
furtherbelow, it may eventually be moved from incrusted.andfromwhichtheBMNHslidewasmade,
Acarnus altogether. but the incrustingspecies is no longerpresent].
Anothercharacterwhichappearstobecharac- Paralectotype: BMNH 1902.10.18.323 (RN1072):
teristic for the genusAcarnus is the possession same locality [this BMNH specimen was not ex-
of thick toxas with greatly rounded central cur- amined, nor is there any material with Dendy’s RN
vature and reflexed tips, resembling a pair of numberpresentintheNM\Lsupposedlyincrustingon
“oxhorns” (e.g. Fig.2c), These sorts of spicules Clathriatypica. Aylingetal. (1982) reported thatthe
are sharedby most, but notall species(absent in BMNH material consisted only ofamicroscopeslide
A. tenuis and apparently absent in A. preparation, but this is unconfirmed, and it is still
bicladotylotus), but they are not unique to the possible that the entire specimen is housed in the
genus,alsooccurringinsomespeciesofClathria BMNH collection].
NEW SPECIES OFACARNUS 435
FIG. l.Acarnus tenuis. A,, cladotylotes, different growth stages and malformations. B,. ectosomal tylote. C,.
choanosomalstyle.
436 MEMOIRS OFTHE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
Description we propose to keep this species in the genus
The only extant material seen of this species Acarnus, if for nothing else than convenience,
consists of two microscope slide mounts of and with affinities to the otherspecies indicated
wholepieces. Nevertheless,theywereenough to by cladotylotes, but the species is readily dif-
make the species recognizable, whereas Hooper ferentiated from other members ofthe genus.
(1987) had to rely on Dendy’s (1896) brief and
uninformative description. The specimens ap-
pearas pale yellowish blobs, flattened under the Acarnus primigeniussp.nov.
coverglass.Theycontainnovisiblespongin,and (Figs 2, 3d,e,f, 4c)
as a consequence, their skeleton is very lax,
composedofloosebundlescontainingamixture
MaterialExamined
oafndcltaydloottyelsotoefseoqruiaelntsaitzeed. pTahraellseklelteottohnemsuaryfabcee Holotype: ZMA Por.7693: Bay of Sangara (Teluk
described as confusedly isotropic. The Sengari). Sumbawa, Indonesia. 8“I7'S, IIS^IS’E,
m1e7g6a|sicmleXr2espmar)ewohfitchhreaerteypdeosm:itnyalnottesan(d96f-or14t2h-e t1e8nmHodvepet,h,Sn2e1llSiuesptnemebxpeerdi1t9i8o4n,,csoirna,l1r1e4ef/,V/c0ol5l.. H.A.
most part lying in bundles consisting of 15-20
spicules, together with cladotylotes of similar
size (80-122-152pm x 2pm), which seem to Description
occur in all stages ranging from spicules resem- The single specimen occurs as a thin hairy
blingtylotes up to clearcladotylotes, and in this crust on the surface ofaSeriatopora sp. (needle
species at least they appear to be derived from coral). In life it was bright orange, and in spirit
tylotes. Cladotylotesarcalso abundant,general- it has a grey-purplish colour.
ly lying in mixed bundles, although not all with The skeleton is composed of a basal plate of
the cladome in the same direction. Many spongin with erect plumose spongin fibres aris-
cladotylotesaresituatedjustunderthesurfaceof ing in microcionid pattern, and fibres are cored
the sponge, piercing through it. Styles are not with styles and echinaled by acanthostyles and
frequent(152-184-205pm x 2pm).They do not cladotylotes. Cladotylotes are ofthe same size as
occur in bundles, but are separately arranged in acanthostyles(54-62^-67pm x 5(.im atthe base),
the skeleton. As noted by Dendy (1922), these and occur in all stages from true acanthostyles
spicules are stylote, strongylote, or sometimes through all intermediatestagestotruecladotylotes
subtylostylote, and in fact all these formscan be (Figs 2a, 3d,e). Apparently, the transformation
found in the preparations. Moreover, they seem from acanthostyles to cladotylotes starts with an
to be modifications ofone type, which is essen- increase in spine size at the tip of acanthostyles.
tially a style. There are no microscleres. The nextstep appears to be a progressiveblunting
Numerous apparently unorganized spherical ofthe pointed apex, resulting in a cladotylote. All
cells were also observed dispersed throughout cladotylotes, however, remain tapering from the
the choanosome. basetothetiplike regularacanthostyles,andthese
are as such readily distinguishable from other
Acarnus cladotylotes which have a definitely
Distribution
Known only from the type locality of Port (tyslwoetlel-iinigk)e obfastahle fporrems.entHoswpeecvieers,,ftrhoemtywlhoitechbatshee
Phillip Heads, Victoria.
clads sprout, remainsrelatively small.
Styles are long (99-JL66-240pm x 4—25-6^m),
Remarks somewhat curved, and towards the tip they are
Except for the possession ofcladotylotes, this slightly recurved. They possess a distinct base,
species would not have been assigned to the which is heavily spined (Fig. 4c). Juvenile styles
genus Acarnus, as it differs considerably from seem tobe smooth andthin withaknob-like head.
the other species in the genus. In fact Dendy Acanthostyles arc of a single size category only
(1922) suggested that a new genus might be (60-66-68pm x 5pm at the base). The head is
created forA. tenuis. Heconsidered that the key providedwithspinescurved in thedirectionofthe
difference was the absence of chelate tip, whereas the spines on the shaft are curved in
microscleres, but this is no longerconsidered of the opposite direction. They appear to have the
sufficient importance at the generic level (e.g. same ftinction as the cladotylotes, since both are
van Soest,1984). However, other differences echinating. The ectosomal spicules consist of
mayvindicate hissuggestion. Forthe timebeing anisotylotes (137-i56-184pm x 2.5pm in size),
P^^'»‘Senius. A, cladotylotes and acanthostyle, different growth stages. B, tylote and style.
438 MEMOIRS OFTHE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
FIG.3A-C.Acarnustenuis.A,cladotylotesprotrudingthrough theskinandthe loose formationofroundcells,
notseen inotherspeciesofthegenus. B,spiculesofA. tenuisintermingledwith thoseofitssubstrateTedania\
C. bundlesofcladotylotesand lylotes. FIG. 3D-F,Aca/'/Jw.vprimigeniiis. D-E. different growth stagesofthe
basal clads. F, microspined base ofthe lylote spicule.
which appear smooth-based under the light DrSTRIBLTION
microscope,butscanningelectronmiaoscopy(Fig. Known only from the type locality of Sum-
3f) reveals microspines common to all Acarnus bawa, southern Indonesia.
species (with the exception ofA. tenuis).
Microscleres palmate isochelae (14-17.5- Etymology
21.5pm toxas ofa single type, having charac- For the many piesiomorphic character states.
),
teristic “oxhorn”-Iike shape common to the
genus (14-3Q-46pm x 1.5-2-4pm in size) Remarks
(Fig.2c). This new species is easily differentiated from
NEW SPECIES OVACARNUS 439
FIG. 4. Comparison between spicules of Indo-Auslralian Acarnus species. A.B, cladotylote varieties with
microspined shaft and basal clads (A,A. souriei), and smooth shaft and swollen base (B,A. lernatus). C—E,
variation in microspination of the bases of styles, A. primigenius (C), A. tortilis (D,E). F,G. longer toxas,
showing the centrally curved (F,A. innominatus) and the slightly V-shaped types (G,A. thielei).
440 MEMOIRS OFTHE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
otherAcarnus in havingonly small cladotylotes choanosomal styles. Acarnus primigenius dif-
incombinationwith acanthostyles. top- fers from most species in having only small
senti Dcndy, 1922 also has only small cladotylotes. The acanthostyles distinguish it
cladotylotes but lacks acanthostyles. Skeletal fromA. lopsenti Dendy, 1922, together with the
structure also differs, being plumose in A. possession ofa microcionid basal and dendroid
primigeniusand isotropic/plumo-reticulate inA. choanosomal skeleton, an incrusting habit,
topsetui (Hooper, 1987, fig.37). It is speculated larger tylotes, and heavy spines on the heads of
that the plumose skeleton may represent an on- styles (Fig. 4c). In having acanthostyles as well
togenetic growth stage, occurring in more ma- as cladotylotes echinating skeletal tracts, A.
ture specimens, similarto the sequence found in primigenius shows similarities with a group of
A. souriei Levi, 1952. species such as A. souriei (Levi, 1952). These
specieswere previously referred toAcanthacar-
KEY TO THE INDO-AUSTRALIAN
nus Levi, 1952, but Hooper (1987) supported
SPECIES 0¥ACARNUS
their merger intoa singlegenuson the basis that
acanthostyles are primitive, and as such could
la. Nomicroscleres, spiculebundlesconsistof not be used to define a genus.
tylotes andcladotylotesonly . .A. tenuis. Acarnus souriei and other members of the
souriei-group (viz. A. bicladotylotus Hoshino,
lb. Microsclerespresent 2. 1981,A. /fl£/ovwn(Boury-Esnault, 1973),andA.
tener Tanka, 1963) differ from other species in
2a. Acanthostylespresent 3. having cladotylotes oftwo sizes, both ofwhich
have spined shafts, a dendriticskeletal architec-
2b. No acanthostyles present, larger ture, in addition to the presence of echinating
cladotylotesusually with basal tylote swell- acanthostyles. Within the soMnet-group, how-
ing (Fig. 4b) 4. ever, thedifferences are lessclear. TheJapanese
speciesA. tener has larger cladotylotes (>80fxm
3a. Only small cladotylotespresent(<100 p.m) long) (whereas those ofA. souriei are <80pm
long A.primigenius. long). Similarly, A. bicladotylotus apparently
has no large “oxhorn'^-shaped toxas, but it is
3b. Both small (<100pm)and large otherwise poorly differentiated from A. souriei.
cladotylotespresent (>100pm),which have These differences require confirmation through
a cladome attheirbase (Fig. 4a) A. souriei. re-examination ofthe original Japanese material
(which unfortunately has now become virtually
4a. No small cladotylotes A. ternatus. unobtainable for loan, following the untimely
death of our colleague Takaharu Hoshino in
4b. Both large and smallcladotylotes ... .5. 1988).Speculatively,however,itseemsunlikely
that the two species are distinct, since they are
5a. With spinedcladotylotesonly . .A.tortilis. similar in most of their characteristics and they
are only known to occur in restricted and ad-
5b. With both smooth and spined cladotylotes 6. jacent localitiesin Japan. Conversely,A. souriei
specimensreportedfrom bothsidesoftheAtlan-
6a. Thickly incrustingsponge,with long toxas tic do seem to differ, and these may prove to be
bearingpronounced centralcurvature (Fig. distinct species, in which case the species from
4f) A. innominatus. the American shelf should be referred to A.
radovaniby priority.
6b. Elaboratevasiform orflabellategrowth The tortilis-group differs from the souriei-
form,course texture, long toxas slightly v- group in lacking acanthostyles, and from the
shaped (Fig. 4g) A. thielei. innominatus-group in having only spined
varieties of cladotylotes and both smooth and
DISCUSSION microspined bases on styles, which are also
more-or-less straight. OtherthanA. tortilisTop-
Acarnus tenuis Dendy, 1896 differs from all sent, 1892,otherspecies included in the tortilis-
otherAcarnusspeciesinlackingmicroscleres,in groupareA. topsenti,A. roxearw.5Boury-Esnault,
having a lax skeleton, apparently without spon- 1973, and A. polytylus Pulitzer-Finali, 1983.
gin fibres, and in lacking basal spination on Acarnus topsenti is easily differentiated from
NEW SPECIES OFACARNUS 441
Other species in this group in having only small Acanthostyles:thepossessionofacanthostyles
cladotylotes,whereasothershavebothsmalland is considered tobe plesiomorphic, since there is
largevarietiesofthesespicules.TheBrazilian^. atendencytoloseacanthostyles(alsothroughout
toxeatus is distinguished in having its larger various groups of Poecilosclerida) and replace
category of cladotylotes being very long and them with cladotylotes serving as echinating
many-claded;theM^dii^rranc^nA.polytylushas spicules.
polytylote examples of ectosomal and Styles: the presence of microspines on the
choanosomal spicules,but these may be merely bases of the choanosomal styles is considered
malformations of normal ones found in A. tor- here to be plesiomorphic; apomorphy is the oc-
tilis, and the two species may prove to be con- currence of smooth styles together with
specific. microspinedones,orcompletelyreplacingthem.
The innominatus-gronp differs from other Tylotes: the possession of a dermal layer of
groups in havinggenerally smooth shafts on the tylotes is the plesiomorphic state for the genus,
largervariety ofcladotylotes, which also have a since thecharacterissharedbyall myxillids. No
smooth basal tylote swelling. In addition, all apomorphic tendencies of this character were
members(viz.A. erithacusdeLaubenfels, 1927, recorded for the genus.
A. innominatusQx3.y, 1867,A. thieleihty\, 1958, Skeletal architecture: a reticulate or plumo-
andA. ternatus Ridley, 1884) possess more-or- reticulate(dendroid)skeleton isconsideredtobe
less abruptly curved styles which have smooth plesiomorphic,andaplumosearchitectureisone
bases. Acarnus ternatus (which was not pre- ofseveral possible derived conditions.
viously included with this group ofspecies, but Microscleres: toxas do not seem tobeofgreat
was placed in a group with A. tenuis; Hooper importance in defining groups; in fact there
1987) has only a single, larger size of seems to be random distribution in the loss of
cladotylotes,whereastheotherspecieshavetwo toxa categories (which was also found for the
size categoriesofthese spicules;A. innominatus Microcionidae; Hooper, 1991a, and in prepara-
hascentrallycurvedlongtoxas(Fig.4f)whereas tion),whereasthemostclosely relatedadvanced
btooxtahsAs.litghhitellyeiv-asnhdaAp.eder(iFtihg.ac4ugs).hTavheetlhaetitrerltownog stopxeacsi.esThseeelmosstoofhaivseockheepltaealilspthrroebeabclatyeagodreireisveodf
species differ mainly in shape: A. theilei has a
feature ofthe genus.
flabellate growth form, whereasA. erithacus is Based on this analysis of characters, the four
more massive.
species-groups proposed by Hooper (1987) are
modified as follows:
PHYLOGENETICREMARKS GROUP
I: A. tenuis - group has derived its
cladotylotes from dermal tylotes, and is sup-
The genus Clathria of the Microcionidae and posed to have lost the other spined spicules and
the genus Megaciella of the Myxillidae are microscleres. Acarnus tenuis is the only repre-
chosen as outgroups of AcarnuSy representing sentative ofthis group.
GROUP
both more-distantly and more-closely related II: A. primigenius - group has a
taxa, and criteria for judging the apomorphic dendriticskeletalarchitecture,onecategoryonly
state ofcharacters arc listed below. This system oftoxas, and styleswith distinctly spinedbases:
essentially follows the findings of van Soest Acarnusprimigenius is the only representative
(1984) and Hooper (1987), but the conclusions ofthis group.
of those authors are developed further in the GROUPIII;A. souriei-grouphasretainedthe
followinganalysis. dendritic skeletal architecture, with echinating
Cladotylotes: small acanthostyle*Iike spined acanthostyles, and styles mainly with
cladotylotes are plesiomorphic. Since the microspined bases. This group includes A.
cladotylotesofA. tenuisseem tohaveadifferent souriei, A. radovani, A. tener and A.
origin, these are considered tobe an apomorphy bicladotylotus.
GROUP
for this taxon, and it is speculated that its IV;A. tortiiis-group hasan isotropic
plesiomorphic state must have been the posses- skeleton, both microspined and smooth styles,
sionofadermallayeroftylotesonly.InA. tenuis butithaslosttheacanthostyles. Representatives
all stages from tylotes to cladotylotes can be are A. tortiiis, A. topsenti, A. polytylus and A.
found, both ofwhich have smooth shafts, and it toxeatus.
seems unlikely that spicules with spined shafts GROUP V:A. innominatus - group also has a
have ever been present. derived isotropic skeleton but has lost the
442 MEMOIRS OFTHE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
microspined styles, whereas larger cladotylotes Beagle,Occ. Pap. N.T. Mus.ArtsSci.3(1):167-
show a strong tendency towards a smooth shaft 189.
and a smooth basal swelling. This group is rep- 1987. New records of Acanms Gray (Porifera;
resented by A. innominatus, A. erithacus, A. Demospongiae:PoeciIosclerida)fromAustralia,
thieleiandA. teniatus. with a synopsis of the genus. Mem. Qd Mus.
25:71-105.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1991a. Character stability, systematics and af-
finities between Microcionidae (Poecilo-
We are indebted to Dr Rob W.M. van Soest sclerida) and Axinellida (Porifera: Demo-
(cuUsnsiivoenrss,itaynodfAfomrstcoenrtdianmua)llfyorphriosvaisdsiinsgtanmcaet,erdiiasl- WspooongdisaeH)o.leP,roUcS.A.3rSdmiIntth.soCno.nfConBtiroil.b.SZpooonlg.e(si,n
fromallcornersoftheZMAcollection.Wearealso 199p1rebs.s).Revision of the Family Raspailiidae
gratefultoMissShirleyM.Stone(British Museum
(NaturalHistory))andProf.ClaudeLevi(Museum (Porifera: Demospongiae). with description of
Australian species. Invert. Tax. (in press).
tNoattiyopneamladt’eHriiasll,oiarnedNattouDrrelHl.e)A.fotrepnrHovoivdein(gUnaicvceers-s HOSHINO,T. 1981.Shallow-WaterDemospongesof
sity ofAmsterdam)forcollecting the specimen of WesternJapan,1.,II.J.Sci.HiroshimaUniv.Ser.
sthoemnuecwhsepaesciieers.,whichmade analysisofthegenus LAUBBE.,NDFiEvL.S1 (,ZoMol..W)..2D9(E11)9:2477.-2T0h5e,2R9e(d2)S:p2o0n7g-e2s89o.f
MontereyPeninsula,California.Ann.Mag. Nat.
Hist. (9). 19:258-266.
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