Addictions and substance abuse. Volume I

788 Pages·121.873 MB·English

by  Montvilo, Robin Kamienny(Editor)

SALEM HEALTH
ADDICTIONS &
SUBSTANCE ABUSE

SALEM HEALTH
ADDICTIONS &
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
Volume 1
Editor
Robin Kamienny Montvilo, RN, PhD
SALEM PRESS
A DIVISION OF EBSCO PUBLISHING
Ipswich, Massachusetts Hackensack, New Jersey
Copyright © 2013, by Salem Press, a Division of EBSCO Publishing, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information
storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. For permissions requests,
contact [email protected].
∞ The paper used in these volumes conforms to the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for
Printed Library Materials, Z39.48‑1992 (R1997).
Note to Readers
The material presented in Salem Health: Addictions and Substance Abuse is intended for broad informational and
educational purposes. Readers who suspect that they or someone they know has any disorder, disease, or condi‑
tion described in this set should contact a physician without delay. This set should not be used as a substitute for
professional medical diagnosis. Readers who are undergoing or about to undergo any treatment or procedure
described in this set should refer to their physicians and other health care providers for guidance concerning
preparation and possible effects. This set is not to be considered definitive on the covered topics, and readers
should remember that the field of health care is characterized by a diversity of medical opinions and constant
expansion in knowledge and understanding.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Addictions and substance abuse / editor, Robin Kamienny Montvilo.
p. cm. ‑‑ (Salem health)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978‑1‑58765‑959‑1 (set) ‑‑ ISBN 978‑1‑58765‑960‑7 (volume 1) ‑‑ ISBN 978‑1‑58765‑961‑4 (volume 2) ‑‑
ISBN 978‑1‑58765‑963‑8 (ebook set) 1. Substance abuse‑‑Treatment‑‑United States. 2. Drug abuse‑‑Treatment‑‑
United States. 3. Alcoholism‑‑Treatment‑‑United States. 4. Cognitive therapy. I. Montvilo, Robin Kamienny.
RC563.A356 2012
362.29‑‑dc23
2012020279
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Contents
Publisher’s Note .......................................................vii Blood alcohol content (BAC) ................................91
Editor’s Introduction ...............................................ix Body modification addiction ..................................92
Contributors .............................................................xi Brain changes with addiction .................................95
Complete List of Contents ....................................xiii Bulimia ....................................................................97
Bupropion .............................................................100
Abstinence‑based treatment .....................................1 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms
Addiction ...................................................................2 and Explosives (ATF) .......................................101
Addiction medications ..............................................4 Caffeinated alcoholic drinks ................................103
Addiction medicine ..................................................9 Caffeine addiction ................................................104
Addictive personality ..............................................11 Caffeine: Short‑ and long‑term effects
Adult children of alcoholics ...................................12 on the body .......................................................106
Advertising for alcohol ...........................................13 Canada’s Drug Strategy (CDS) ............................108
Advertising for tobacco products ...........................16 Cancer and substance abuse ................................110
Aerosols ...................................................................19 Celebrities and substance abuse ..........................113
Age and addiction ...................................................20 Center for Substance Abuse
Alcohol abuse and alcoholism: Prevention (CSAP) ...........................................116
In depth ..............................................................23 Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT) .......117
Alcohol abuse and alcoholism: Overview ..............28 Centre for Addiction and Mental
Alcohol abuse and alcoholism: Treatment ............30 Health (CAMH) ...............................................118
Alcoholics Anonymous ...........................................34 Children and behavioral addictions ....................119
Alcohol poisoning ...................................................36 China white ...........................................................122
Alcohol: Short‑ and long‑term effects Choking game .......................................................123
on the body .........................................................39 Chronic bronchitis ................................................124
Alternative therapies for addiction ........................44 Chronic obstructive pulmonary
Amphetamine abuse ...............................................46 disease (COPD) ................................................125
Anabolic steroids .....................................................48 Cigarettes and cigars .............................................127
Anesthesia abuse .....................................................50 Cirque Lodge ........................................................129
Anhedonia ...............................................................52 Cleanliness addiction ............................................130
Anorexia nervosa ....................................................53 Closing the Addiction Treatment Gap (CATG) ........132
Antabuse .................................................................55 Club drugs .............................................................134
Anticholinergics ......................................................56 Cocaine Anonymous .............................................136
Anxiety .....................................................................57 Cocaine use disorder ............................................138
Anxiety medication abuse ......................................59 Codeine .................................................................139
Autoerotic asphyxiation ..........................................61 Codependency ......................................................140
Baclofen ...................................................................63 Coffee ....................................................................143
Barbiturates .............................................................64 Cognitive‑behavioral therapy ...............................144
Behavioral addictions: Overview ............................66 College and substance abuse ................................146
Behavioral addictions: Treatment ..........................69 Compulsions ..........................................................148
Behavioral therapies for addictions .......................73 Computer addiction .............................................149
Benzodiazepine abuse ............................................76 Conduct disorders .................................................152
Betty Ford Center ....................................................78 Controlled Substances Act (CSA) ........................154
Binge drinking ........................................................80 Controlled substances and
Bipolar disorder and addiction ..............................83 precursor chemicals .........................................156
Birth defects and alcohol .......................................85 Co‑occurring disorders .........................................157
Birth defects and drug use .....................................88 Cough and cold medications ...............................159
Birth defects and smoking ......................................89 Crack ......................................................................161
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Salem Health: Addictions and Substance Abuse
Crime and behavioral addictions .........................163 Gambling addiction ..............................................264
Crime and substance abuse ..................................165 Gaming addiction .................................................267
Cross‑addiction .....................................................168 Gasoline .................................................................269
Cutting and self‑mutilation ..................................170 Gateway drugs .......................................................270
D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) ...........173 Gender and addiction ..........................................271
Date rape drugs .....................................................174 Genetics and substance abuse ..............................273
Debtors Anonymous .............................................176 GHB .......................................................................276
Decriminalization of drugs in the Government warnings ..........................................278
United States.....................................................177 Group therapy for behavioral addictions ............280
Dependence ..........................................................180 Group therapy for substance abuse .....................282
Depressants abuse .................................................182 Halfway houses ......................................................285
Depression .............................................................184 Hallucinogen abuse ..............................................287
Designated drivers ................................................187 Hallucinogens: Short‑ and long‑term effects
Designer drugs ......................................................188 on the body .......................................................288
Detoxification ........................................................190 Harm reduction ....................................................291
Dextroamphetamine .............................................192 Hashish ..................................................................292
Dextromethorphan ...............................................193 Hazelden Foundation ...........................................293
Diagnosis methods ................................................194 Health disparities and substance abuse ...............295
DMT .......................................................................197 Heart attacks and substance abuse ......................297
Domestic violence and addiction .........................198 Heroin ...................................................................298
Dopamine and addiction......................................200 History of addiction ..............................................300
Drug abuse and addiction: HIV/AIDS and substance abuse ..........................304
In depth ............................................................201 Hoarding ...............................................................306
Drug abuse and addiction: Overview ..................206 Homelessness ........................................................308
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) .........208 Household chemicals of abuse.............................310
Drugged driving ....................................................209 Hydrocodone ........................................................312
Drug interactions ..................................................211 Impulse control disorders ....................................314
Drug paraphernalia ..............................................213 Inhalants abuse .....................................................316
Drug testing ...........................................................215 Insurance for addiction treatment ......................319
Drunk driving ........................................................218 Internet addiction .................................................320
DSM‑IV criteria for behavioral addictions ...........221 Intervention ..........................................................324
DSM‑IV criteria for substance use disorders .......224 Intoxication ...........................................................326
Economic impact of addiction .............................228 Intravenous drug use and blood‑
Education about substance abuse ........................231 borne diseases ...................................................328
Elderly and addictions ..........................................234 Jail diversion programs .........................................331
Emergency treatment ...........................................237 Just Say No campaign ...........................................333
Emetic abuse .........................................................239 Ketamine ...............................................................335
Emphysema ...........................................................241 Kleptomania ..........................................................336
Ephedrine ..............................................................243 Laryngeal cancer ...................................................339
Esophageal cancer ................................................244 Law enforcement and drugs ...............................340
Ethanol ..................................................................246 Laxative abuse .......................................................343
Exercise addiction .................................................247 Legislation and substance abuse ..........................345
Families and behavioral addictions......................249 Leukoplakia ...........................................................348
Families and substance abuse ...............................251 Librium ..................................................................349
Fentanyl .................................................................255 Liver disease and alcohol use ...............................350
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome .......................................256 Love and relationship addiction ..........................352
Flashbacks ..............................................................258 LSD ........................................................................355
Food addiction ......................................................259 Lung cancer ..........................................................357
Gamblers Anonymous ..........................................263
vi
Publisher’s Note
Salem Health: Addictions and Substance Abuse presents Scope and Coverage
essays on a variety of topics concerning substance This A‑Z encyclopedia arranges over 325 essays cov‑
abuse and behavioral addictions and their related ering all aspects of addictions and substance abuse,
issues. In 2011, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control including diseases or conditions, substances of abuse,
and Prevention (CDC) reported that more Ameri‑ treatment and addiction overviews, organizations and
cans died from the effects of drug abuse than from foundations dedicated to treatment and prevention,
traffic accidents; similarly, the CDC attributes the physiological and psychological issues and behaviors,
death of nearly 80,000 Americans annually to the trends and statistics, and social contexts and concerns
excessive consumption of alcohol. These startling related to substance abuse and treatment such as ad‑
statistics, coupled with the staggering rise in deaths vertising and media influence, aging, ethnicity, and
from prescription drug misuse in the twenty‑first children and substance abuse. The essays, written for
century, have thrown the spotlight on how the allied nonspecialists by medical professionals, professors in
health community and society at large approach, science and medicine, and medical writers, will ap‑
track, and treat alcohol and drug dependency and peal to science and premedical students, students of
other addictive behaviors. psychology and addictive behaviors, students of drug
As addictions and their related disorders con‑ abuse epidemiology and public health issues, public
tinue to escalate, so has society’s understanding library patrons, and librarians building collections in
and treatment of them, from increased and more science, health, and medicine, or related fields.
thorough comprehension of maladaptive behavior Salem Health: Addictions and Substance Abuse exam‑
to a clearer picture of the physiological effects of ines the various concepts and models of both the ad‑
substance abuse, both in the short and long term. diction and its associated behaviors and impulses and
Also of pertinence is the growing awareness of the the therapeutic and treatment practices that enable
role that substance abuse and addiction plays in so‑ an individual to regain the traction of an addiction
ciety, whether through glorification or stigmatiza‑ and abuse‑free life. Comprehensive essays on drug
tion in the media lens or experienced firsthand in a and alcohol abuse constitute the core coverage, while
dysfunctional home or social setting by a parent or a significant number of essays survey behavioral ad‑
child, and the agencies and preventative strategies dictions and disorders, as well as the sociocultural
in place to curb abuse and its effects. Salem Health: and economic impact of addiction. Essays, where ap‑
Addictions and Substance Abuse surveys the decades plicable, provide overviews of prevention, diagnosis,
of progress in understanding and treating addictive and treatment, and outline causes, risk factors, and
behaviors and substance abuse, analyzing trends symptoms. The encyclopedia’s scope also embraces
and treatment, offering historical and technical ethical questions raised by the convergence of alter‑
background, and providing both a socioeconomic native therapy and addiction and the legalized use
and psychological and physiological understanding of substances of abuse in the allied health field. Also
of the influence and impact of addiction and sub‑ prominent in the set is the discussion of the preven‑
stance abuse. tative and educational work of the government and
Salem Health: Addictions and Substance Abuse is a other agencies in addressing addictions and sub‑
valuable addition to the Salem Health series, which stance abuse.
includes both print and electronic versions of
Salem Health: Cancer (2009), Salem Health: Psychology Organization and Format
and Mental Health (2009), Salem Health: Genetics Essays are alphabetized and vary in length from one
and Inherited Conditions (2010), Salem Health: Infec- to five pages and include ready‑reference top matter
tious Diseases and Conditions (2011), Salem Health: that contains the topic category and definition.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2012), and • CATEGORY lists the focus of the essay.
the core set Magill’s Medical Guide, Sixth Edition • Diagnosis and Prevention
(2011). • Health Issues and Physiology
vii
Salem Health: Addictions and Substance Abuse
• Psychological Issues and Behaviors glossary that provides hundreds of definitions of com‑
• Social Issues monly used scientific and medical terms and concepts
• Substance Abuse related to behavioral addiction and substance abuse;
• Substances pharmaceutical treatments, categorized by brand
• Treatment name; a bibliography which offers citations for both
• ALSO KNOWN AS provides alternative names classic and recently published sources for additional
used, where applicable. research; and a time line which details major devel‑
• DEFINITION introduces, defines, and describes opments in addictions and substance abuse. Lastly, a
the essay topic. category index appears at the end of each volume and
Substance abuse essays include the following sec‑ a comprehensive subject index can be found at the
tions: Causes, Risk Factors, Symptoms, Screening and conclusion of volume 2 and includes entries that di‑
Diagnosis, Treatment and Therapy, and Prevention. rect readers to related topics throughout the set.
Substances of abuse essays include the following sec‑
tions: Status and Classification, Source, Transmission Acknowledgments
Route, History of Use, and Effects and Potential Risks. The editors wish to thank the many medical practitio‑
Essays covering associated organizations, programs, ners and other scholars who contributed to this new
and treatment centers offer the following sections: edition; their names and academic affiliations and
Background, Dates established or founded, and Mis‑ other credentials appear in the list of contributors
sion and Goals. Essays covering diagnosis, physiology, that follows.
prevention, psychological issues, socials issues, treat‑
ment, and other topics related to behavioral addic‑ About the Author
tions and substance abuse will include subsections Robin Kamienny Montvilo, RN, PhD, is a Professor
chosen by the author as they suit the particular topic. of Psychology and Chair of the Chemical Depen‑
These topical subheads divide the main text and dency/Addiction Studies Program at Rhode Island
guide readers through the essay. College. She is a member of the Steering Committee
All entries end with a byline, including the author’s of the Institute for Addiction Recovery at Rhode Is‑
credentials, a list of sources for further reading, often land College and serves on the Board of Directors of
with annotations, and several web sites for further the National Neimann‑Pick Disease Foundation. She
study. Additionally, the SEE ALSO section lists cross‑ has also served as a consultant for the International
references to other essays of interest within the set. Certification and Reciprocity Consortium, acting as
The reference set also features over 70 sidebars and a Subject Matter Expert for the creation of the Co‑
graphs and more than 120 photographs chosen to en‑ Occurring Disorders Certification Exam. A member
hance the information offered. of the American Psychological Society, the Eastern
Psychological Association, the Gerontological Society
Special Features of America, the International Coalition for Addiction
The articles in the Salem Health: Addictions and Sub- Studies Education, and the National Association of
stance Abuse are arranged alphabetically by title. Both Neonatal Nurses, Professor Montvilo has more than
volumes offer a Complete List of Contents for easy one hundred presentations and publications within
identification of desired topics. The value of this the fields of psychology, chemical dependency and
encyclopedic guide is enhanced by the wealth of ap‑ addiction studies, and nursing. Previously, she served
pendices and other resources and tools, ranging from as a staff nurse in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit for
a geographical listing of treatment centers and pro‑ thirty years. She serves as a manuscript reviewer for
grams to a cross‑referenced list of substances of abuse. several psychology and nursing journals and is a fre‑
Other appendices that supplement the set include a quent contributor to Salem Press publications,
viii
Editor’s Introduction
Addictions and substance abuse have existed for many (ADAMHA), and the Substance Abuse and Mental
thousands of years. There is evidence that alcohol use Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In the
was prevalent in Egypt as early as 8000 bce. Cannabis twenty years since SAMHSA was formed, the fields
(marijuana) seeds were eaten in China nearly 8,000 of mental health and substance abuse have typically
years ago. Ancient Sumerians used opium nearly been combined into the broader field of behavioral
6,000 years ago. One of the first known uses of the health.
term “addiction” was by the Archbishop of Canter‑ Today, we continue to see some individuals with
bury in Shakespeare’s Henry V, written just prior to addiction problems, others with mental health prob‑
1600, and the term became widely used in the medical lems, and many more who suffer from co‑occurring
field in the 1800s. There is evidence that behavioral disorders (having a mental health problem along with
addictions, related to gambling and sexual activity, for some form of addiction). Commonly seen addictions
example, also existed in ancient times. include substance abuse (to alcohol or various forms
While addictions and substance abuse clearly hold of drugs) as well as behavioral addictions (to sex, or
a place in history, they occur much more commonly shopping, or exercise, or various forms of technology).
today. The number of substances that are now abused There has also been movement away from viewing ad‑
and the number of behavioral addictions are skyrock‑ diction as something that is voluntary and needs to be
eting, as evidenced by the number of entries in these punished, to treating it as a disease like other chronic
volumes. As substance abuse and addictions became disorders such as diabetes and heart disease, with the
more common, the United States government be‑ recognition that relapse is a part of recovery.
came involved in trying to regulate drug use, prevent It is hoped that the entries in these volumes will
substance abuse, and establish treatment protocols. clarify the topic of substance abuse and addictions
This began in1929 with the establishment of the Nar‑ from ancient times to the present. A deeper under‑
cotics Division of the US Public Health Service. In the standing of the problem may help to foster its preven‑
subsequent decades, more government agencies were tion, facilitate treatment, and lead to a better under‑
established to deal with substance abuse, including standing of recovery.
the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), the Alcohol, Robin Kamienny Montvilo, RN, PhD
Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration Rhode Island College
ix