Addiction Research Methods PDF
Preview Addiction Research Methods
P1:OTE/OTE/SPH P2:OTE FM BLBK230-Miller January12,2010 17:30 PrinterName:YettoCome Addiction Research Methods Edited by Peter G. Miller John Strang Peter M. Miller A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication Addiction Research Methods Edited by Peter G. Miller, John Strang and Peter M. Miller © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-405-17663-7 P1:OTE/OTE/SPH P2:OTE FM BLBK230-Miller January12,2010 17:30 PrinterName:YettoCome Thiseditionfirstpublished2010 (cid:1)C 2010BlackwellPublishingLtd BlackwellPublishingwasacquiredbyJohnWiley&SonsinFebruary2007.Blackwell’spublishing programmehasbeenmergedwithWiley’sglobalScientific,Technical,andMedicalbusinesstoform Wiley-Blackwell. Registeredoffice JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ, UnitedKingdom Editorialoffices 9600GarsingtonRoad,Oxford,OX42DQ,UnitedKingdom 2121StateAvenue,Ames,Iowa50014-8300,USA Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapply forpermissiontoreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteat www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. Therightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewith theCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise, exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionof thepublisher. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmay notbeavailableinelectronicbooks. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrand namesandproductnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregistered trademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.Thepublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendor mentionedinthisbook.Thispublicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationin regardtothesubjectmattercovered.Itissoldontheunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedin renderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservices ofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Addictionresearchmethods/editedbyPeterG.Miller,JohnStrang,PeterM.Miller. p.;cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-4051-7663-7(pbk.:alk.paper)1.Substanceabuse–Research–Methodology. I.Miller,Peter(PeterGraeme) II.Strang,John. III.Miller,PeterM.(PeterMichael),1942– [DNLM:1.Substance-RelatedDisorders. 2.Research–methods. WM270A224032010] HV5809.A332010 616.86(cid:2)027–dc22 2009033610 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. (cid:1) Setin10/12.5ptSabonbyAptaraR Inc.,NewDelhi,India PrintedinMalaysia 1 2010 P1:OTE/OTE/SPH P2:OTE FM BLBK230-Miller January12,2010 17:30 PrinterName:YettoCome CONTENTS Listofcontributors ix Acknowledgements xiii 1 Introduction 1 PeterG.Miller,JohnStrangandPeterM.Miller 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Wheretostart? 1 1.3 Doestheorymatter? 2 1.4 Theliteraturereview 3 1.5 Whichmethodsuitsmyquestion–isascrewdriverbetter thanasaw? 4 1.6 Focusandstructureofthebook 5 1.7 Terminology 6 1.8 Theneedforawiderperspectiveandmorecarefulselection ofstudydesign 8 SectionI: ResearchFundamentals 2 Reliabilityandvalidity 11 GerhardBu¨hringerandMonikaSassen 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Background:Reliabilityandvalidityinaddictionresearch 11 2.3 Reliabilityandvalidityinaddictionresearch 16 2.4 Strengtheningthequalityofyourresultsandconclusions:Abriefchecklist toimprovereliabilityandvalidity 19 2.5 Summary 24 3 Samplingstrategiesforaddictionresearch 27 LisaKakinamiandKennethR.Conner 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Probabilitysampling 27 3.3 Non-probabilitysampling 32 3.4 Qualitativesampling 36 3.5 Selectingyoursamplingapproach 37 3.6 Technicalconsiderations 37 3.7 Conclusion 40 iii P1:OTE/OTE/SPH P2:OTE FM BLBK230-Miller January12,2010 17:30 PrinterName:YettoCome iv ■ Contents 4 Experimentaldesignissuesinaddictionresearch 43 RobertWest 4.1 Introduction 43 4.2 Whatconstitutesanexperiment? 43 4.3 Isanexperimentappropriate? 44 4.4 Whatkindofexperimentaldesign? 44 4.5 Whatinterventionandcomparisonconditions? 48 4.6 Whattargetpopulationandrecruitmentstrategy? 50 4.7 Whatsamplesize? 52 4.8 Whatoutcomemeasures? 53 4.9 Whatstatisticalanalyses? 55 4.10 Conclusions 56 5 Qualitativemethodsandtheoryinaddictionsresearch 59 TimRhodesandRossCoomber 5.1 Introduction 59 5.2 Theory 59 5.3 Arecurringdebate 62 5.4 Principlesforpractice 63 5.5 Datageneration 64 5.6 Analysis 70 5.7 Conclusions 73 6 Ethicalissuesinalcohol,otherdrugsandaddiction-relatedresearch 79 PeterG.Miller,AdrianCarterandWayneHall 6.1 Introduction 79 6.2 Keyconcepts 79 6.3 Majorethicalframeworks 80 6.4 Addiction-specificethicalissues 83 6.5 Writinganethicsapplication 87 6.6 Ethicalprocessesindifferentcountries 87 6.7 Influenceoffundingbody 88 6.8 Ethicaldissemination 89 6.9 Conclusion 89 SectionII: BasicToolbox 7 Surveysandquestionnairedesign 97 LorraineT.MidanikandKristaDrescher-Burke 7.1 Introduction 97 7.2 Briefhistory 97 7.3 Surveyresearchdesigns 98 7.4 Advantagesandlimitationsofsurveyresearchdesigns 99 7.5 Modesofdatacollection 100 P1:OTE/OTE/SPH P2:OTE FM BLBK230-Miller January12,2010 17:30 PrinterName:YettoCome Contents ■ v 7.6 Questionnairedesign 101 7.7 Pilotingthequestionnaire 104 7.8 Technologicalassistance 105 7.9 Commonchallenges 106 8 Interviews 109 BarbaraS.McCrady,BenjaminLadd,LeahVermontandJulieSteele 8.1 Introduction 109 8.2 Whyinterviews? 109 8.3 Reliabilityandvalidityofself-reportedinformation 110 8.4 Interviewingskills 112 8.5 Typesofinterviews 116 8.6 Typesofinterviewdata 118 8.7 Technologicalresources 120 8.8 Summary 120 9 Scalesforresearchintheaddictions 127 ShaneDarke 9.1 Introduction 127 9.2 Screeninginstruments 128 9.3 Frequencyofsubstanceuse 130 9.4 Multi-dimensionalscales 133 9.5 Dependence 135 9.6 Psychopathology 139 9.7 Summary 143 10 Biomarkersofalcoholandotherdruguse 147 ScottH.Stewart,AntonGoldmann,TimNeumannand ClaudiaSpies 10.1 Introduction 147 10.2 Usesofstatebiomarkersinresearch 147 10.3 Generalprincipleswhenconsideringbiomarkers 149 10.4 Summary 156 11 Quantitativedataanalysis 163 JimLemon,LouisaDegenhardt,TimSladeandKatherineMills 11.1 Introduction 163 11.2 Imaginingdata–planningthestudy 163 11.3 Collectingdata–gatheringthemeasurements 165 11.4 Organisingdata–structuringthemeasurements 166 11.5 Describingdata–whatdothedatalooklike? 167 11.6 Manipulatingdata 171 11.7 Relationshipswithinthedata 173 11.8 Interpretingrelationshipswithinthedata 177 11.9 Conclusionandexercises 178 P1:OTE/OTE/SPH P2:OTE FM BLBK230-Miller January12,2010 17:30 PrinterName:YettoCome vi ■ Contents SectionIII: RealWorldResearchMethods 12 Appliedresearchmethods 187 DavidBestandEdDay 12.1 Introduction 187 12.2 Auditingclinicalactivityinthecity 189 12.3 Needsassessment 190 12.4 Qualitativeresearchapproaches 192 12.5 Evaluationresearch 193 12.6 Theauditcycle 197 12.7 Measuringoutcomesinappliedsettings 197 12.8 Overviewandconclusions 198 13 Conductingclinicalresearch 201 JalieA.TuckerandCathyA.Simpson 13.1 Conductingclinicalresearch 201 13.2 Discussionandconclusions:Theroleofthepractitioner-researcher 211 SectionIV: BiologicalMethods 14 Psychopharmacology 223 JasonWhiteandNickLintzeris 14.1 Introduction 223 14.2 Psychopharmacology:drugs,behaviour,physiologyandthebrain 223 14.3 Measuringdrugeffects 226 14.4 Humandrugself-administration 229 14.5 Drugwithdrawalandcraving 231 14.6 Summary 232 15 Imaging 235 AlastairReidandDavidNutt 15.1 Introduction 235 15.2 Introductiontoneuroimaging 235 15.3 Imagingtechniques 235 15.4 Imageanalysis 241 15.5 Someconsiderationswhensettingupanimagingstudy 244 16 Genes,genetics,genomicsandepigenetics 249 DavidBallandIreneGuerrini 16.1 Introduction 249 16.2 Animalstudies 252 16.3 Quantitativegenetics 254 16.4 Moleculargenetics 256 16.5 Whybother? 263 16.6 Anaddictiongene 263 P1:OTE/OTE/SPH P2:OTE FM BLBK230-Miller January12,2010 17:30 PrinterName:YettoCome Contents ■ vii 16.7 Ethics 264 16.8 Concludingremarks 264 17 Animalmodels 269 LeighV.Panlilio,CharlesW.SchindlerandStevenR.Goldberg 17.1 Introduction 269 17.2 Basicprinciplesofbehaviour:Reinforcement 269 17.3 Basicprinciplesofbehaviour:Effectsofenvironmentalcues 270 17.4 Drugself-administration:Simpleschedules 270 17.5 Drugself-administration:Usingdose–effectcurvestoassesstheeffects oftreatments 271 17.6 Drugself-administration:Measuringthereinforcingeffectsofdrugs 271 17.7 Drugself-administration:Modellingtheeffectsofenvironmentalcueswith second-orderschedules 273 17.8 Drugself-administration:Reinstatement 275 17.9 Drugself-administration:Modellingtheuncontrolledandcompulsivenature ofaddiction 275 17.10 Intracranialdrugself-administrationandintracranialelectrical self-stimulation 276 17.11 Drugself-administration:Advantagesanddisadvantages 278 17.12 Conditionedplacepreference 278 17.13 Drugdiscrimination 279 17.14 Locomotoractivity 279 17.15 Adjunctprocedures 281 17.16 Integrationofbehaviouralandneurosciencetechniques 281 SectionV: SpecialistMethods 18 Understandingcontexts:Methodsandanalysisinethnographicresearchondrugs 287 JeremyNorthcoteandDavidMoore 18.1 Introduction 287 18.2 Tracingthehistoryofethnographicdrugresearch 288 18.3 Designingethnographicresearch 289 18.4 Gettingstarted 290 18.5 Collectingdata 292 18.6 Analysingethnographicdata 293 18.7 Producingethnographictexts 294 18.8 Conclusion 295 19 Epidemiology 299 MarkStoove´ andPaulDietze 19.1 Introduction 299 19.2 Originsofepidemiology 299 19.3 Definitionsandusesofepidemiologyinalcoholandotherdrugresearch 299 19.4 Descriptiveepidemiology 300 19.5 Epidemiologicalresearchdesigns 301 P1:OTE/OTE/SPH P2:OTE FM BLBK230-Miller January12,2010 17:30 PrinterName:YettoCome viii ■ Contents 19.6 Analysisofcase-controlandcohortstudies 308 19.7 Experimentalstudydesigns 310 19.8 Potentialsourcesoferrorinepidemiology 311 19.9 Summary 314 20 Meta-analysis:Summarisingfindingsonaddictioninterventioneffects 319 JohnW.FinneyandAnneMoyer 20.1 Introduction 319 20.2 Overviewofmeta-analyticmethods 319 20.3 Issuesinmeta-analysesofaddictioninterventions 327 20.4 Limitations 331 20.5 Conclusion 331 21 Drugtrendmonitoring 337 PaulGriffithsandJaneMounteney 21.1 Introduction 337 21.2 Pointofdeparture–divergentpolicyperspectives,difficultiesindefinition andtemporalrelevance 337 21.3 International,nationalandlocaldrugmonitoringmechanisms 338 21.4 Challengesinmonitoringillicitdruguse 339 21.5 Anoverviewofcommoninformationsourcesandsomeoftheirlimitations 341 21.6 Issuesfortheinterpretationandanalysisofdata 345 21.7 Mixedmethods 347 21.8 Triangulation 347 21.9 Reliabilityandvalidity 348 21.10 Reflectionsinabrokenmirror:Pragmaticandimperfectsolutionstoan intractableproblem 349 22 Drugpolicyresearch 355 JonathanP.CaulkinsandRosalieLiccardoPacula 22.1 Introduction 355 22.2 Methodsforquantitativelycomparinganintervention’sbenefitsandcosts 356 22.3 Issuesthatariseinquantifyinganintervention’sbenefitsandcosts 360 22.4 Methodsforestimatinganintervention’seffects 362 22.5 Modellingmethods 365 22.6 Summary 366 SectionVI: BeyondResearch 23 Concludingremarks 375 PeterG.Miller,JohnStrangandPeterM.Miller 23.1 Publishingaddictionscience 375 23.2 Finalthoughts 376 Index 377 P1:OTE/OTE/SPH P2:OTE FM BLBK230-Miller January12,2010 17:30 PrinterName:YettoCome CONTRIBUTORS DavidBall SocialGeneticandDevelopmentalPsychiatryCentre,King’sCollegeLondon,andSouthLondon andMaudsleyNHSFoundationTrust,London,UK DavidBest DepartmentofPsychiatry,UniversityofBirmingham,Birmingham,UK GerhardBu¨hringer Institutfu¨rTherapieforschung,Parzivalstraße25,Mu¨nchen,Germany AdrianCarter SchoolofPopulationHealth,UniversityofQueensland,Herston,QLD,Australia JonathanP.Caulkins HeinzCollegeandQatarCampus,CarnegieMellonUniversityPittsburgh,PAUSAandDoha, Qatar KennethR.Conner DepartmentofPsychiatryandCanandaiguaVeteransAdministrationCenterofExcellence, UniversityofRochesterMedicalCenter,Rochester,NY,USA RossCoomber UniversityofPlymouth,Plymouth,Devon,UK ShaneDarke NationalDrugandAlcoholResearchCentre,UniversityofNewSouthWales,Sydney,NSW, Australia EdDay DepartmentofPsychiatry,UniversityofBirmingham,Birmingham,UK LouisaDegenhardt NationalDrugandAlcoholResearchCentre,UniversityofNewSouthWales,Sydney,Australia PaulDietze BurnetInstituteCentreforEpidemiologyandPopulationHealthResearchandMonashInstituteof HealthServicesResearch,Melbourne,VIC,Australia ix P1:OTE/OTE/SPH P2:OTE FM BLBK230-Miller January12,2010 17:30 PrinterName:YettoCome x ■ Contributors KristaDrescher-Burke SchoolofSocialWelfare,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,USA JohnW.Finney CenterforHealthCareEvaluation,VAPaloAltoHealthCareSystem(152MPD),MenloPark, CA,USA AntonGoldmann DepartmentofAnesthesiologyandIntensiveCareMedicine,Charite´ –UniversityMedicineof Berlin,Germany StevenR.Goldberg PreclinicalPharmacologySection,BehavioralNeuroscienceResearchBranch,IntramuralResearch Program,NationalInstituteonDrugAbuse,NIH/DHHS,Baltimore,MD,USA PaulGriffiths EuropeanMonitoringCentreforDrugsandDrugAddiction,Lisbon,Portugal IreneGuerrini SouthLondonandMaudsleyNHSFoundationTrust,London,UK WayneHall SchoolofPopulationHealth,UniversityofQueensland,Herston,QLD,Australia LisaKakinami DepartmentofCommunityandPreventiveMedicine,UniversityofRochesterMedicalCenter, Rochester,NY,USA BenjaminLadd UniversityofNewMexico,Albequerque,NM,USA JimLemon NationalDrugandAlcoholResearchCentre,UniversityofNewSouthWales,Sydney,Australia NickLintzeris DepartmentofAddictionMedicine,FacultyofMedicine,UniversityofSydney,Australia BarbaraS.McCrady UniversityofNewMexico,Albequerque,NM,USA LorraineT.Midanik SchoolofSocialWelfare,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,USA PeterG.Miller SchoolofPsychology,DeakinUniversity,Victoria,Australia
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