Adaptronics – Smart Structures and Materials

472 Pages·2021·25.147 MB·English

by  Johannes Michael Sinapius

Johannes Michael Sinapius
Adaptronics –
Smart Structures
and Materials
–
Adaptronics Smart Structures
and Materials
Johannes Michael Sinapius
–
Adaptronics Smart
Structures and Materials
123
JohannesMichael Sinapius
Technische UniversitätBraunschweig
Braunschweig, Germany
ISBN978-3-662-61398-6 ISBN978-3-662-61399-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61399-3
The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service
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To Gabriele
Preface
DieWahrheithattausendHindernissezuüberwinden,
umunbeschädigtzuPapierzukommen,
undvomPapierwiederzuKopf.
(Thetruthhasathousandobstaclestoovercome,
togettopaperundamaged,andfrompaperbacktohead.)
GeorgChristophLichtenberg(1742–1799)
Adaptronicsisacomparativelyyoungdisciplineintheengineeringsciences,which
ischaracterizedbyapronouncedinterdisciplinarity,inthesenseoftheprincipleof
integrative research even by transdisciplinarity. It deals with the research and
development of components, structures, whole constructions, but also with manu-
facturing processes, which are characterized by the ability of self-adaptation of
elasto-mechanicalproperties.Materialssciencecontributestothiswithresearchinto
multifunctional materials, structural mechanics with methods of modeling for the
integrationofthesematerialsystems,controlengineeringwithresearchintosuitable
control concepts, microtechnology and measurement technology with sensors and
actuators, design theory with systematics of the development of adaptive designs,
structuraldynamicswithnewmethodsofinfluencingvibrationsandacousticswith
conceptsofactivelyinfluencingsoundfieldcharacteristics.Thismakesadaptronics
particularly attractive for a modern engineering education in which interdisci-
plinarity has a high, growing significance. Writing a textbook for an interdisci-
plinary subject is challenging and associated with the risk of not satisfying the
individual disciplines. For example, this textbook may not be sufficient for the
controlengineer.Thematerialsscientistwillmissthedepththatisimportanttohim.
The mechanic will look for many more advanced methods.I request all of you for
your understanding and hope to compensate you by highlighting the relevance of
your discipline within the framework of an interdisciplinary field.
The book is primarily written for students of engineering sciences of advanced
study courses and is the result of my courses at the Technische Universität
Braunschweig Carolo Wilhelmina in the master courses in aerospace engineering,
mechanical engineering, automotive engineering, and metrology and analytics.
The book was published in German in 2018 and thereafter translated into
English with the support of the translation program DeepL.
vii
viii Preface
I prefix each chapter of the book with an aphorism by Georg Christoph
Lichtenberg, the well-known German physicist and master of aphorism from my
hometown Göttingen.
Braunschweig, Germany Johannes Michael Sinapius
January 2020
Acknowledgement
Over the past 15 years, many students have encouraged me to write a textbook on
adaptronics that accompanies my lectures. A sabbatical semester has made this
possible. My first thanks therefore go to the Presidium of the Technische Univer-
sitätCaroloWilhelminazuBraunschweig,whoapprovedtheresearchsemesterand
appointedareplacementformychairforthisperiod.Prof.Dr.-Ing.ChristianHühne
has taken on the task of representing the chair with commitment and great care,
therebygivingmethenecessaryfreedom.Iwouldliketothankhiminparticularfor
this.
Withgratitude,Ithinkofmydoctoralsupervisor,whodiedfartooearly,andthe
pioneerofadaptronics inGermany, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Breitbach,anoutstanding
expert in the field of structural dynamics, aeroelasticity, and adaptronics. My
academicteacherProf.Dr.-Ing.HorstIrretierlaidthefoundationformyenthusiasm
for structural dynamics. My grateful and honoring remembrance also goes to him.
IwouldliketothankmycolleaguesattheInstituteofCompositeStructuresand
Adaptronics of the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und
Raumfahrt e.V.), who built up the lecture contents with me during my teaching
activitiesattheOtto-von-GuerickeUniversityMagdeburg,especiallyProf.Dr.-Ing.
Hans Peter Monner, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Peter Wierach, and Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dipl.-Phys.
Jörg Melcher.
I have learned an immeasurable amount from many years of supervising doc-
torates in the field of adaptive structures and have constantly broadened my hori-
zons in discussions with doctoral students. I would like to express my sincere
thanks to all those who have extended the knowledge of adaptronics and fiber
composite technology within the framework of their doctoral theses. The fruitful
discussions and the findings are reflected in this book. To be mentioned are the
Doctors of Engineering Sciences Johannes Riemenschneider, Tobias Wille, Simon
Pansart, Christine Arlt, Erik Kappel, Imad Aldin Khattab, Marco Straubel, Hardy
Köke, Fabio da Cunha, Malte Misol, Daniel Schmidt, Alexandra Kühn, Steffen
Opitz, Philipp Hilmer, Oliver Unruh, Artur Szewieczek, Daniel Krause, Julian
Kuntz, Florian Raddatz, Martin Schulz, Christian Hesse, Paul Lorsch, Andreas
Henneberg, Björn Timo Kletz, Thomas Löbel, Julian Kuntz, Daniel Stefaniak,
Thomas Haase, Veatriki Papantoni, Daniel Stefaniak, Thomas Weser, Steffen
Niemann, Christoph Heinze, Martin Hillebrandt, Dirk Wilckens, Sebastian Geier,
ix
x Acknowledgement
ChristianBülow,MatthiasEndres,HosseinSadri,FalkHeinecke,ChristophDienel,
ChristianPommer,andChristianBehr,aswellasallthosewhoarecurrentlystillon
their way to their doctorate.
InadditiontotheauthorsmentionedbynameinthesectionsResearch Projects,
other members of my two institutes were involved in the preparation of this book.
IwouldliketoespeciallyemphasizewiththanksMr.AlexanderKyriazis,Mr.M.Sc.
Bernd-Christian Hölscher, Dr.-Ing. Anke Lütkepohl, Dr.-Ing. Christian Hesse,
Dr.-Ing. Naser Al Natsheh, and Prof. Jörg Melcher, who have carefully proofread
andgivenmanyfurthersuggestionsandsupport.TheEnglishversionwascarefully
proofreadbyMr. M.Sc. Jomson Joy.
Manyoftheresearchprojectsreportedoninthebookwereorarefundedbythe
German Research Foundation (DFG), especially those in Sections 3..5.1, 5.5.1,
5.5.3, 6.6.2, 7.3.1, and 9.4.1. The support is gratefully acknowledged.
Writingabookalsoinvolvesaneditor.IwouldliketothankSpringerverlagfor
their interest and willingness to publish this book, especially Mrs. Birgit
Kollmar-Thoni and Mr. Michael Kottusch for their careful support of the book
project.
Braunschweig, Germany Johannes Michael Sinapius
January 2020
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Johannes Michael Sinapius
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Principles of Adaptronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Johannes Michael Sinapius
2.1 Introductory Examples of Adaptronic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Elements of Adaptronics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 Variants of Adaptive Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4 Components of Adaptive Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3 Functional Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Johannes Michael Sinapius and Sebastian Geier
3.1 Classification of Functional Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2 Features of Functional Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3 Electromechanical Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.3.1 Piezoelectric Ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.3.2 Electroactive Polymers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.4 Thermomechanical Converters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.4.1 Shape Memory Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.4.2 Shape Memory Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.5 Research Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.5.1 Actuators Based on Nanoscale Carbon Tubes . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4 Adaptronic Functional Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Johannes Michael Sinapius and Thomas Gries
4.1 Piezo Composites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.1.1 0-3 Piezo Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.1.2 1-3 Piezo Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.1.3 1-2 Piezo Composite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
xi