Adaptive Water Management Concepts, Principles and Applications for Sustainable Development

168 Pages·2017·3.8 MB·English

International Series in
Operations Research & Management Science
Farideh Delavari Edalat
M. Reza Abdi
Adaptive
Water
Management
Concepts, Principles and Applications
for Sustainable Development
International Series in Operations Research
& Management Science
Volume 258
Series Editor
Camille C. Price
Stephen F. Austin State University, TX, USA
Associate Series Editor
Joe Zhu
Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA, USA
Founding Series Editor
Frederick S. Hillier
Stanford University, CA, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/6161
Farideh Delavari Edalat • M. Reza Abdi
Adaptive Water Management
Concepts, Principles and Applications
for Sustainable Development
Farideh Delavari Edalat M. Reza Abdi
Environment and Sustainability Consultant Operations and Information Management,
Additive Design Ltd School of Management
Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK University of Bradford
Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
ISSN 0884-8289 ISSN 2214-7934 (electronic)
International Series in Operations Research & Management Science
ISBN 978-3-319-64142-3 ISBN 978-3-319-64143-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-64143-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017948729
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Preface
Continued water scarcity, flooding, pollution and urbanisation, especially in devel-
oping countries, have signified the necessity of renewed exploration of the most
appropriate approach to water management.
The prospective approach for water management should aim to meet the water
requirements in the changing world in a sustainable way. Reviewing the conven-
tional water approaches that have emerged in the developed countries during the last
decades suggests that adaptive water management (AWM) could provide a sustain-
able route to address the existing complex problems of urban water management
through the future.
This book explores whether AWM could be applied to developing countries,
especially in the Middle East region in order to maximise sustainability and to deal
with uncertainties of the future water supply and demand in the region. The AWM
principles of polycentric governance, organisational flexibility and public participa-
tion were used to assess the adaptability of the existing water management through
a case study in Greater Tehran located in the Middle East region.
The results of the study demonstrated that, despite the lack of adaptability in the
current water management of the city, there are positive attitudes towards adaptabil-
ity among water professionals and the public. The findings emphasised that the AWM
application could be promoted by more participation in various levels of institutional
structure. This book suggests that if the concept of AWM is adapted and applied to
the urban areas of Iran, as an example of the developing countries in the Middle East,
it has the potential to have a significant influence in the current/future water manage-
ment by promoting technical and institutional performances simultaneously.
v
Acknowledgements
The authors take the opportunity to acknowledge the financial support received from
Additive Design Ltd. and Dena-Eng for undertaking the case study. The authors also
express their thanks to Tehran Province Water and Wastewater Company (TPWW
Company) for their cooperation in data collection required for the case study.
vii
Contents
1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 1
1.1 Adaptive Water Management .......................................................... 3
1.2 Research Context ............................................................................ 4
1.3 Aim and Objectives ......................................................................... 5
1.4 Research Approach and Purpose ..................................................... 5
1.5 Book Overview ............................................................................... 6
1.5.1 Part I: Overview of Different Water Management
Approaches ......................................................................... 7
1.5.2 Part II: Developing Countries’ Water Management ............ 7
1.5.3 Part III: Case Study ............................................................. 7
1.5.4 Part IV: Evaluation of AWM Framework ........................... 8
1.5.5 Part V: Conclusion .............................................................. 8
Part I
2 Concepts and Approaches of Main Water Managements .................. 11
2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 11
2.2 Water Supply Management ............................................................. 11
2.3 Water Demand Management ........................................................... 12
2.3.1 Water Demand Management Strategies .............................. 13
2.4 Integrated Water Resource Management ........................................ 17
2.5 Summary ......................................................................................... 19
3 Concept and Application of Adaptive Water Management ............... 21
3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 21
3.2 Towards Adaptive Water Management............................................ 21
3.3 What Is Adaptive Management? ..................................................... 22
3.4 Adaptive Water Management .......................................................... 23
3.5 Adaptive Water Management Principles ......................................... 23
3.5.1 Polycentric Governance ...................................................... 23
3.5.2 Organisational Flexibility ................................................... 25
3.5.3 Public Participation ............................................................. 26
ix
x Contents
3.6 Adaptive Water Management-Related Approaches ........................ 28
3.6.1 AWM Theoretical Approaches ............................................ 28
3.6.2 AWM Practical Approaches ................................................ 32
3.7 Summary ......................................................................................... 34
Part II
4 Water Management in Developing Countries:
The Example of Iran .............................................................................. 37
4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 37
4.2 Water Availability, the Big Picture .................................................. 37
4.3 Water Challenges in Developing Countries .................................... 40
4.4 Water Management Experiences in Developing Countries ............ 42
4.5 Water Management of Iran ............................................................. 43
4.5.1 Geography and Water Resources ........................................ 43
4.5.2 Iran Water Management: Past to the Present ...................... 46
4.6 M ain Water Challenges of Iran ....................................................... 52
4.7 S ummary ......................................................................................... 52
Part III
5 T he Case Study: Greater Tehran .......................................................... 57
5.1 I ntroduction ..................................................................................... 57
5.2 Case Study ...................................................................................... 57
5.3 Greater Tehran Water Context ......................................................... 58
5.3.1 Population ........................................................................... 60
5.3.2 Water Demand .................................................................... 60
5.4 Tehran Water Resources .................................................................. 62
5.4.1 Surface Water Resources ..................................................... 62
5.4.2 Groundwater Resources ...................................................... 64
5.4.3 Qanats ................................................................................. 65
5.5 Latest Water Price Policy ................................................................ 66
5.6 Summary ......................................................................................... 66
6 The Case Study: Methods of Data Collection ...................................... 69
6.1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 69
6.2 Data Collection Link with AWM Framework ................................ 69
6.3 Data Collection Link with Research Objectives ............................. 69
6.4 Interview Question Design.............................................................. 70
6.4.1 Water Professionals ............................................................. 70
6.4.2 Water Consumers ................................................................ 71
6.5 Data Collection from TPWW Company ......................................... 73
6.6 Data Collection from Greater Tehran Water Consumers ................ 76
6.6.1 Quota Sampling .................................................................. 76
6.7 Summary ......................................................................................... 78
Contents xi
Part IV
7 Data Analysis Methodology ................................................................... 81
7.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 81
7.2 AWM Conceptual Model .............................................................. 81
7.3 Managing Data Using NVivo ........................................................ 84
7.4 Data Analysis Using Multi-Criteria Decision Support Model ...... 86
7.4.1 A HP and Pairwise Comparison ...................................... 86
7.4.2 P roposed AHP Model ..................................................... 88
7.5 Summary ....................................................................................... 90
8 Evaluation of Polycentric Governance ................................................. 93
8.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 93
8.2 Managing Data Using NVivo ........................................................ 93
8.3 Data Analysis Using Multi-Criteria Decision Support Model ...... 94
8.4 Discussion of the Findings ............................................................ 96
8.4.1 C ompany’s Decision-Making Process ............................ 97
8.4.2 C ompany’s Interactions with External Organisations ..... 99
8.5 Summary ....................................................................................... 99
9 Evaluation of Organisational Flexibility .............................................. 101
9.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 101
9.2 Managing Data Using NVivo ........................................................ 101
9.3 Data Analysis Using Multi-Criteria Decision Support Model ...... 102
9.4 Discussion of the Findings ............................................................ 104
9.4.1 T PWW Company Response to the Challenges ............... 104
9.4.2 C ompany’s Internal Management ................................... 111
9.5 Summary ....................................................................................... 112
10 Evaluation of the Public Participation ................................................. 113
10.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 113
10.2 Managing Data Using NVivo ........................................................ 113
10.3 Data Analysis Using Multi-Criteria Decision Support Model ...... 114
10.4 Discussion of the Findings ............................................................ 116
10.4.1 C ompany’s Perspective ................................................... 117
10.4.2 Water Consumers’ Perspectives ...................................... 117
10.5 Summary ....................................................................................... 120
Part V
11 C onclusion .............................................................................................. 123
11.1 Introduction ................................................................................... 123
11.2 Greater Tehran Water Challenges ................................................. 123
11.3 Adaptability of the Water Policies and Practices
in Greater Tehran .......................................................................... 124
11.3.1 Polycentric Governance .................................................. 125
11.3.2 Organisational Flexibility ............................................... 126
11.3.3 Public Participation ......................................................... 126
xii Contents
11.4 Feasibility and Barriers Using AWM in Greater Tehran ............... 127
11.4.1 P olycentric Governance .................................................. 127
11.4.2 O rganisational Flexibility ............................................... 129
11.4.3 P ublic Participation ......................................................... 131
11.5 AWM Application Suitability in the Middle East Region ............ 133
11.6 Reflections on the Research .......................................................... 134
11.6.1 M ethodology ................................................................... 134
11.6.2 R esearch Conceptual Framework ................................... 135
11.6.3 T PWW Company’s Office Observation .......................... 135
11.6.4 P ersonal Reflections ........................................................ 136
11.7 Limitations and Further Research ................................................. 136
11.8 Concluding Comments.................................................................. 137
Appendix A ..................................................................................................... 139
Appendix B ..................................................................................................... 141
Appendix C ..................................................................................................... 145
Appendix D ..................................................................................................... 149
References ....................................................................................................... 153
Index ................................................................................................................ 163