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Adaptive Phytoremediation Practices Adaptive Phytoremediation Practices Resilience to Climate Change Vimal Chandra Pandey Department of Environmental Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India Gordana Gajić Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia Pallavi Sharma School of Environment and Sustainable Development, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India Madhumita Roy Department of Microbiology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India Elsevier Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-12-823831-8 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: Candice G. Janco Acquisitions Editor: Marisa LaFleur Editorial Project Manager: Aleksandra Packowska Production Project Manager: Joy Christel Neumarin Honest Thangiah Cover Designer: Vicky Pearson Esser Typeset by STRAIVE, India Preface Adaptive Phytoremediation Practices: Resilience to Climate Change presents phytoremediation practices in the scenario of changing climate and plant responses to stress. The book provides a brief overview of different aspects of adaptive phytoremediation practice and responses of plants to climatic stressors and pollution. It presents the current state of research on structural and functional characteristics of resilient plants and advancements in the knowledge on lipidomics and designer plants that can be applied in agriculture and phytoremediation using gene editing tools such as the CRISPR/Cas 9 system. The book covers all aspects of soil and phytomanagement and offers prospects for the development of climate-resilient economic crops. It aims to provide knowledge on the bioeconomy of contaminated biomass, ecosystem services, and policy frameworks. Appropriate green remediation strategies are essential for climate, energy, agricultural, and food policy domains linking the environment, people, markets, assets, and finance to conserve natural resources and improve human health and well-being worldwide. This book will be ideal for students, researchers, environmentalists, ecological engineers, regulatory agencies, policy makers, and other stakeholders. Chapter 1 provides general information about the impacts of climate change on plant growth and metal uptake together with plant-microbe interaction to help readers better understand the impacts of elevated CO , temperature, and drought on plants. 2 Chapter 2 covers plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses, such as high tempera- tures, drought, salinity, cold, flood, heavy metals, and pests, highlighting plant tolerance. Chapter 3 elaborates the functional and structural responses of resilient plants to climate change and pollution with a focus on plant physiology, biochemistry, anatomy, and morphology. Chapter 4 provides a detailed overview of soil management using ar- buscular mycorrhizae against drought and salinity stress and rhizobacteria and industrial and organic wastes in the management of degraded soils, with special emphasis on biofuel, fiber, aromatic essential oil, and fortified crop production and their role in phytoremediation. Chapter 5 focuses on phytoremediation strategies and ecosystem services for polluted sites through provisioning, regulating, and supporting services. A detailed review of biotechnological strategies for the generation of designer plants for climate-resilient phytoremediation involving the application of CRISPER for cold, salt, heat, and drought plant tolerance, and improvement of their yields, quality, and nutrition, is presented in Chapter 6. Making biomass from phytoremediation; detailed information on biochemical and thermochemical processes; the recovery of biodiesel, biogas, bioethanol, and dye from contaminated biomass; the conversion of biomass xvi Preface to bioelectricity; and making bioenergy from farm waste are covered in Chapter 7. Finally, Chapter 8 describes the status of remediation and policy implications, climate smart agriculture, and phytoremediation all of which aim to create a greener and sustainable economy for the protection of the environment and human health around the globe. Vimal Chandra Pandey Gordana Gajić Pallavi Sharma Madhumita Roy About the authors Vimal Chandra Pandey Dr. Vimal Chandra Pandey featured in the world’s top 2% scientists curated by Stanford University, United States, and has published papers in the PLOS Biology journal. Dr. Pandey is a leading researcher in the field of environmental engineering, particularly phytomanagement of polluted sites. His research focuses mainly on the remediation and management of degraded lands, including heavy metal-polluted lands and postin- dustrial lands polluted with fly ash, red mud, mine spoil, and others, to regain ecosystem services and support a bio-based economy with phytoproducts through affordable green technology (phytoremediation). His research interests also lie in exploring industrial crop-based phytoremediation to attain bioeconomy security and restoration, adaptive phytoremediation practices, phytoremediation-based biofortification, carbon sequestration in waste dumpsites, fostering bioremediation for utilizing polluted lands, and attaining UN Sustainable Development Goals. Recently, Dr. Pandey worked as a CSIR-Pool Scientist (Senior Research Associate) in the Department of Environmental Science at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India. Dr. Pandey also worked as Consultant at the Council of Science and Technology, Uttar Pradesh; DST-Young Scientist in the Plant Ecology and Environmental Science Division at CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow; and DS Kothari Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Environmental Science at Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow. He is the recipient of a number of awards/honors/fellowships and is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, India. Dr. Pandey serves as a subject expert and panel member for the evaluation of research and professional activities in India and abroad for fostering environmental sustainability. He has published over 100 scientific articles/book chapters in peer-reviewed journals/books. Dr. Pandey is also the author and editor of seven books published by Elsevier with several more forthcoming. He is associate editor of Land Degradation and Development (Wiley); editor of Restoration Ecology (Wiley); associate editor of Environment, Development and Sustainability (Springer); associate editor of Ecological Processes (Springer Nature); advisory board member of Ambio (Springer); editorial board member of Environmental Management (Springer); and editorial board member of Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (Springer). He also works/ worked as guest editor for Energy, Ecology and Environment (Springer); Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (Springer); Sustainability (MDPI); and Land Degradation and Development (Wiley). Email address: vimalcpandey@ gmail.com, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2250-6726, Google Scholar: https:// scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=B-5sDCoAAAAJ&hl. x About the authors Gordana Gajić Dr. Gordana Gajić is senior research associate in the Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković,” University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. Dr. Gajić received her PhD from the Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Serbia, on the topic “Ecophysiological Adaptation of Selected Herbaceous Plants Growing on the Fly Ash Deposits of Thermoelectric Plant ‘Nikola Tesla-A’ in Obrenovac.” Her main research areas are phytoremediation, ecorestoration, revegetation, ecotoxicol- ogy, environmental pollution, fly ash and mine waste phytomanagement, urban pollution, monitoring and management of polluted sites, metal(loid) exposure, plant-soil system, plant ecophysiology/biochemistry, oxidative stress, antioxidants, stress tolerance, and plant adaptive response to stress. Dr. Gajić has been involved in six research projects. She has published over 30 research papers in reputed journals and 5 book chapters with Elsevier, Nova Science Publishers, and Studium Press. Dr. Gajić is a reviewer of several reputed national and international journals. Pallavi Sharma Dr. Pallavi Sharma is professor in the School of Environment and Sustainable Development, Central University of Gujarat, India. Dr. Sharma is currently engaged in deciphering the mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance in plants. She obtained her PhD in biochemistry (2005) from the Department of Biochemistry, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. She worked as a postdoctoral research fellow in the National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, United States; and Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Canada, where her research was focused on MAP kinase signaling cascade in rice plants and mechanisms of cold stress tolerance and fusarium head blight resistance in wheat plants. She has published 50 scientific articles/book chapters in peer-reviewed journals/books with more than 7600 citations. Madhumita Roy Dr. Madhumita Roy is DST-Women Scientist in the Department of Microbiology, Bose Institute, India. Dr. Roy did her PhD work from the Microbiology Department of Bose Institute, Kolkata, and was awarded her degree from Jadavpur University in 2011. Thereafter, she did her postdoc from CSIR-IICB, Kolkata. She also worked as assistant professor at Techno India University, West Bengal. Her early research was centered on bioremediation of various kinds of heavy metals, metalloids, and xenobi- otics like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and then shifted to plant-based bioremediation or phytoremediation. She has published 19 articles in peer-reviewed journals, many conference proceedings, and 5 book chapters. Acknowledgments We sincerely thank Peter J. Llewellyn and Marisa LaFleur (acquisitions editor), Aleksandra Packowska (editorial project manager), and Swapna Praveen (copyrights coordinator) and Joy Christel Neumarin Honest Thangiah (production project manager) from Elsevier for their excellent support, guidance, and coordination during the production of this fascinating project. We would like to thank all the reviewers for their time and expertise in reviewing the chapters of this book. Vimal Chandra Pandey is grateful to the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Government of India, New Delhi, for the support under Scientist’s Pool Scheme (Pool No. 13 (8931-A)/2017). Gordana Gajić is thankful to the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (No. 451-03-9/2021-14/200007) for their support. The authors are thankful to Dr. Jan Frouz, Professor and Director, Environmental Centre, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic, and Dr. ir. Filip M.G. Tack, Professor in Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Belgium, for writing the foreword at short notice. Finally, we thank our respective families for their unending support, in- terest, and encouragement, and apologize for the many missed dinners! Foreword by Dr. ir. Filip M G Tack Concerns about the pollution of our environment have recently been augmented by significant worries about the effects of human activities on global climate change. Since the early 1970s, awareness rose that uncontrolled release of contaminants into the environment is threatening the ecosystem and human health. Only very recently, and despite early warnings, it has been universally accepted that massive emissions of carbon dioxide and methane during the industrial development and agricultural inten- sification of modern society are one of the main factors causing a rapid unfavorable worldwide change in climate as a result of global warming. The transition will be hard. It will need to be fast, or humanity will fail. Meticulously preserving our 20% wilderness that remains and restoring additional wildland will be crucial to restore the resilience and stability of the earth’s climate system. Harm to the environment was also done at many other levels and scales. Plants will play a central role in mitigating or undoing the harm. The need for science to develop more integrated approaches to mitigate environmental damage and ultimately climate change has never been so urgent. In this context, the present book, Adaptive Phytoremediation Practices: Resilience to Climate Change, highlights the potential role of plants in environmental technology to counter adverse environmental effects that resulted from unsustainable human development. It highlights the benefits of phy- toremediated polluted sites, which can provide multiple ecosystem services. The book provides insight into how adaptive phytomanagement practices can lead to remediation of degraded and contaminated sites through the establishment of plant systems that are resilient against untoward incidents such as drought, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity. Climate-resilient phytoremediation is gaining attention worldwide due to the links between the problems of climate change and of ecosystem pollution. Changing climatic conditions cause various biotic and abiotic stresses in plants, negatively affecting the establishment of plants and their health, strength, and growth performance. Selection of suitable climate-resilient plants must be combined with adequate remedial practices including adapted agronomic and (bio)technological interventions. Application of soil amendments, inoculation of microbes, selection of climate-resilient plants, and genetic engineering are tools within sustainable phytomanagement strategies in a changing climate. No earlier publications made such a strong connection between issues of contaminant management and threats to humanity related to climate change. The book Adaptive Phytoremediation Practices: Resilience to Climate Change is an up-to-date and timely contribution, presented in a way that is accessible to a wide multidisciplinary audience.