Adaptive Origins: Evolution and Human Development

409 Pages·2010·3.456 MB·English

by  Peter LaFrenière

ADAPTIVE
ORIGINS

ADAPTIVE
ORIGINS
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
LaFreniere, Peter.
Adaptive origins : evolution and human development / Peter LaFreniere.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8058-6012-2 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Evolutionary psychology. 2. Developmental psychology. I. Title.
BF698.95.L34 2011
155.7--dc22 2010020434
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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ISBN 0-203-84799-7 Master e-book ISBN
CONTENTS
Preface xi
Chapter 1 Evolutionary Theory 1
Darwin and Natural Selection 1
Mendel and the Laws of Inheritance 4
The Modern Synthesis 6
Early Scientific Evidence 6
Modern Scientific Evidence 13
HIV/AIDS 14
Classic Ethology: Lorenz and Tinbergen 15
Evolution and Development 22
Genetic Sources of Phenotypic Variation 22
Environmental Sources of Phenotypic Variation 25
Evolution of Development 27
Chapter Summary 30
For Further Inquiry 32
Chapter 2 Contemporary Evolutionary Perspectives 33
Sociobiology 33
Inclusive Fitness and Reciprocal Altruism 34
Parental Investment and Parent–Offspring Conflict 35
Multilevel Selection Theory 37
Evolutionary Psychology 41
Basic Assumptions 41
Evidence of Adaptive Design 46
v
vi Contents
Chapter Summary 47
For Further Inquiry 50
Chapter 3 The Genetic Basis of Evolution and Behavior 51
How Genes Help Construct the Organism 51
Mitochondrial DNA 53
DNA, RNA, and Chromosomes 53
How Genes Influence Behavior and Development 54
Gene–Environment Interactions 55
Behavioral Genetics 59
Heritability of Infant Temperament 60
Personality as an Evolved System 63
Five-Factor Model of Personality 65
Heritability of Personality 67
Environmental Influences on Personality 68
Chapter Summary 70
For Further Inquiry 72
Chapter 4 Human Origins 73
Hominid Evolution 74
Down From the Trees 74
The Australopiths 74
Homo Habilus and Homo Erectus 76
Freeing the Hands 77
Brain Expansion 79
Homo Neanderthalensis 82
One Species or Two? 84
Homo Floresiensis 86
Small Bodies 87
Small Brains 88
Recent Ancestry 89
Two Alternative Models of Modern Human Evolution 89
The Single-Origin Hypothesis 90
The Multiregional Hypothesis 91
Chapter Summary 94
For Further Inquiry 97
Contents vii
Chapter 5 Brain Evolution and Development 99
History and Methodological Advances 99
Brain Pathology 101
Experimental Brain Lesions 102
Functional Brain Imaging 107
MacLean’s Triune Brain Theory 107
The Reptilian Brain 109
The Paleomammalian Brain 112
The Neomammalian Brain 113
LeDoux’s Amygdala Theory 114
Sex Differences in Brain Function 119
Brain Development and Plasticity 121
Chapter Summary 123
For Further Inquiry 125
Chapter 6 Hormones and Behavior 127
Evolution of Hormones 128
The Endocrine System 130
Prenatal Development 130
Sex Differentiation 130
Sex Differences in Behavior 131
Infancy and Childhood 133
Growth and Maturation 133
Regulation of Body Weight 134
Obesity 135
Adolescence 140
Adaptive Significance of Puberty 140
The Primate Growth Pattern 141
Physiology of Puberty 142
Adulthood 146
Reproduction 146
Emergency and Stress Response Systems 148
Postreproduction 149
Chapter Summary 150
For Further Inquiry 152
viii Contents
Chapter 7 Facial Expressions and Basic Emotions in Infancy 153
How Signals Evolve 153
Evolution of Nonhuman Primate Facial Expressions 154
Human Facial Expressions 159
Basic Emotions 161
The Newborn’s Preadaptations
for Emotional Communication 163
Visual Capacities and Preferences 164
Recognizing Faces 165
Recognizing Facial Expressions 166
Reflexes 169
Smiling 169
Crying 173
The Emergence of Infant Emotions 174
Anger 174
Fear 176
Chapter Summary 179
For Further Inquiry 182
Chapter 8 Attachment in Infancy 183
Early Theory and Research 183
Bowlby’s Ethological Attachment Theory 183
Ainsworth’s Strange-Situation Paradigm 185
Patterns of Attachment 189
Determinants of Attachment Security 190
Temperament and Attachment 192
Attachment and Culture 197
Attachment and Social Competence 199
A Life History Perspective 206
Chapter Summary 209
For Further Inquiry 212
Chapter 9 Theory of Mind and Language 213
Theory of Mind 213
Chimpanzee Social Cognition 214
Belief-Desire Psychology 215
Distinguishing Appearance and Reality 217
Tactical Deception 218
Contents ix
Vocal Communication and Language 222
Vocal Communication in Nonhuman Primates 222
Ape Language Research 223
From Animal Signals to Human Symbols 225
Chapter Summary 229
For Further Inquiry 231
Chapter 10 Sex Differences 233
Sexual Selection and Parental Investment Theory 233
Male–Male Competition 234
Female Choice 234
Sexual Dimorphism 235
Sex Differences in Primates: Rhesus Macaques 236
Sex Differences in Children 237
Play and Social Behavior 237
Peer Socialization of Sex Differences 239
Parental Socialization of Sex Differences 241
Sex Differences in Personality 242
Puberty and Adolescent Peer Relations 244
Sex Roles in Non-Western Societies 248
Sexual Selection and Male Aggression 251
Chapter Summary 253
For Further Inquiry 256
Chapter 11 Mate Choice and Reproductive Strategies 257
Mating Systems 258
Mate Selection 260
Female Preferences 261
Male Preferences 263
Short-Term Mating Strategies 267
Male Short-Term Costs and Benefits 267
Chapter Summary 271
For Further Inquiry 273
Chapter 12 Darwinian Medicine and Evolutionary Psychiatry 275
Novel Environments 276
Infection 277