Adapting Cities to Climate Change

425 Pages·2.833 MB·English

by  Jane Bicknell, David Dodman, David Satterthwaite

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Adapting Cities to Climate Change
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Adapting Cities to Climate Change
Understanding and Addressing the
Development Challenges
Edited by Jane Bicknell, David Dodman and
David Satterthwaite
publishing for a sustainable future
London • Sterling, VA
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First published by Earthscan in the UK and USA in 2009
Copyright © International Institute for Environment and Development, 2009
All rights reserved
ISBN: 978-1-84407-745-8
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Making the most of the water we have : the soft path approach to water management /
edited by David B. Brooks, Oliver M. Brandes, and Stephen Gurman.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-84407-754-0 (hardback)
1. Water resources development–Environmental aspects. 2. Water-supply–
Management–Environmental aspects. I. Brooks, David B., 1934- II. Brandes, Oliver M.,
1972- III. Gurman, Stephen.
TD195.W3M35 2009
363.6’1–dc22
2009005726
At Earthscan we strive to minimize our environmental impacts and carbon footprint
through reducing waste, recycling and offsetting our CO emissions, including those
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Contents
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes xi
About the Contributors xv
Preface xxi
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xxiii
PART 1 INTRODUCTION
1 Adapting to Climate Change in Urban Areas: The Possibilities and
Constraints in Low- and Middle-Income Nations 3
David Satterthwaite, Saleemul Huq, Hannah Reid,
Mark Pelling and Patricia Romero Lankao
Introduction 3
The potential for adaptation 4
The constraints on implementation 5
The urban context 11
Vulnerability 19
Climate change and disasters 21
The continuum of risk from everyday hazards to catastrophic disasters 28
Building on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s
Fourth Assessment Report 30
Government roles and responsibilities 34
PART 2 RISK AND VULNERABILITY FOR CITIES
2 The Rising Tide: Assessing the Risks of Climate Change and
Human Settlements in Low-Elevation Coastal Zones 51
Gordon McGranahan, Deborah Balk and Bridget Anderson
Introduction 51
Climate change, coastal settlement and urban vulnerabilities 52
Estimating population and human settlement patterns in
low-elevation coastal zones (LECZs) 55
The international distribution of low-elevation coastal settlement 58
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vi Adapting Cities to Climate Change
Changes in low-elevation coastal settlement between 1990 and 2000:
The examples of China and Bangladesh 68
Conclusions 69
3 Climate Change and Coastal Cities: The Case of Mombasa, Kenya 77
Cynthia Brenda Awuor, Victor Ayo Orindi and Andrew
Ochieng Adwera
Introduction 77
Vulnerability of Mombasa to climate change 78
Climate change impacts in Mombasa 80
Adaptation to climate change in Mombasa 85
Conclusions 90
4 Vulnerabilities and Responses to Climate Change for Dhaka 93
Mozaharul Alam and MD Golam Rabbani
Introduction 93
Dhaka’s contribution to global climate change 95
The effects of climate change in Dhaka 97
Affected sectors and vulnerabilities 101
Response measures 105
Conclusions 108
5 The Vulnerability to Climate Change of Cotonou (Benin):
The Rise in Sea Level 111
Krystel M. R. Dossou and Bernadette Gléhouenou-Dossou
Introduction 111
Cotonou 111
Cotonou’s vulnerability to sea-level rise 113
Impact of rising sea level 114
Coastal erosion in Cotonou and the surrounding area 114
Adapting to the rise in sea level and its consequences 121
Conclusions 124
6 The Vulnerability of Global Cities to Climate Hazards 129
Alex de Sherbinin, Andrew Schiller and Alex Pulsipher
Introduction 129
Framing vulnerability 131
The case studies 132
Conclusions 151
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Contents vii
7 Climate, Climate Change and Human Health in
Asian Cities 159
Sari Kovats and Rais Akhtar
Introduction 159
Climate change and health 160
Climate, water supplies and sanitation and health 160
High temperatures and heat wave events 165
Longer-term changes and the future health of populations
in cities 167
Responding to climate change: Adaptation and health at
the city level 168
Conclusions 169
8 Climate Change and Urban Children: Impacts and Implications
for Adaptation in Low- and Middle-Income Countries 175
Sheridan Bartlett
Introduction 175
Understanding the impacts upon children of climate change 177
The implications for adaptation 187
Conclusions 192
9 Unjust Waters: Climate Change, Flooding and the Urban Poor
in Africa 201
Ian Douglas, Kurshid Alam, MaryAnne Maghenda, Yasmin
McDonnell, Louise McLean and Jack Campbell
Introduction 201
The changing climate in Africa 202
Trends in urban flooding in Africa 203
Local case studies of urban flooding 206
General guidelines on adaptations to climate change 216
Responsibilities and actions 218
10 Urban Poverty and Vulnerability to Climate Change in
Latin America 225
Jorgelina Hardoy and Gustavo Pandiella
Introduction 225
Vulnerability and adaptation in urban areas 228
Possible ways forward 238
The need for adaptation and development 243
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viii Adapting Cities to Climate Change
PART 3 CASE STUDIES ON ADAPTATION
11 Thinking Globally, Acting Locally: Institutionalizing Climate Change
at the Local Government Level in Durban, South Africa
Debra Roberts 253
Introduction 253
Climate change and the environmental management function 255
Mainstreaming the climate change debate in Durban 259
Conclusions 269
12 Developing a Municipal Adaptation Plan (MAP) for
Climate Change: The City of Cape Town 271
Pierre Mukheibir and Gina Ziervogel
Introduction 271
Background to climate change 272
Towards a framework for adapting to climate change at the
municipal level 273
Examples of potential current and future municipal
climate-induced impacts for the city of Cape Town 278
Conclusions 285
13 Adapting to Climate Change: Water Management for
Urban Resilience 291
Mike Muller
Introduction 291
Instruments to manage variability, reduce vulnerability and
build resilience 293
The development context and constraints before climate change 294
The challenges of climate change for water resources management 295
Water resources costs: The added burden of adaptation 298
Some practical challenges and responses 301
Conclusions: Water resources management could be a lead sector
in building urban resilience to climate change 304
PART 4 MOVING FORWARD
14 Climate Change Risk: An Adaptation and Mitigation Agenda
for Indian Cities 311
Aromar Revi
Introduction 311
India’s RUrban transformation (2000–2050) 312
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Contents ix
Urban renewal, disaster management and climate change mitigation 314
India’s climate change risk exposure 316
Composite multi-hazard risk adaptation 322
Urban populations and elements at risk 323
Urban vulnerability to climate change 324
A possible urban climate change adaptation framework 325
Institutional capacity for urban climate risk adaptation 331
Building a mitigation agenda for Indian cities 332
Conclusions 333
15 International Funding to Support Urban Adaptation to
Climate Change 339
Jessica Ayers
Introduction 339
Funding for adaptation under the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 340
The role of official development assistance (ODA) in
funding adaptation 345
Access to adaptation finance by urban stakeholders 350
Conclusions 353
16 Conclusions: Local Development and Adaptation 359
David Satterthwaite, David Dodman and Jane Bicknell
Introduction 359
Key themes 360
Conclusions 363
Index 385