Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies for Climate Change PDF
Preview Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies for Climate Change
Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies for Climate Change Akimasa Sumi Kensuke Fukushi ● Ai Hiramatsu Editors Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies for Climate Change Editors Akimasa Sumi Kensuke Fukushi Executive Director Associate Professor Transdisciplinary Initiative Transdisciplinary Initiative for Global Sustainability for Global Sustainability The University of Tokyo The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8654, Japan Tokyo 113-8654, Japan [email protected] [email protected] Ai Hiramatsu Project Assistant Professor Transdisciplinary Initiative for Global Sustainability The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8654, Japan [email protected] ISBN 978-4-431-99797-9 e-ISBN 978-4-431-99798-6 DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-99798-6 Springer Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009942778 © Springer 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Humanity is not isolated from the environment. We exist in the stream of life, from the past to the future. Mankind was born and evolved as part of the history of the Earth, which in turn forms part of the history of the Universe. Therefore, we have to regard ourselves in historical terms and not forget our responsibility to the future. In other words, humanity has appeared and evolved during the Earth’s history and owes a responsibility to the future. The old Chinese proverb that we study the past in order to learn new things should be recalled. When we look back at the history of mankind, we realize that we have suffered from many different issues and calamities throughout our entire existence. In other words, there has been no easy time for us, and we have been fighting for our survival by overcoming those challenges. As part of the struggle, we have accumulated and clarified our knowledge. Science and technology are examples of this collected knowl- edge. Using results provided by science and applying technology, we have overcome many difficulties. However, it should be remembered that issues continue to evolve along with the development of our society. Our situation at the present time is not the same as in the past. Although a new technology resolves an existing issue, it may also create a new one. For example, the mobile phone has changed our lifestyle, and we can enjoy the advantages it provides. On the other hand, mobile phones facilitate certain new types of crime; hence, we are always confronted with new problems. Since the Industrial Revolution, mankind has sought wealth and prosperity by making maximum use of energy and natural resources. Nature has been considered to have an infinite potential to process waste energy and resources. We have not recognized that disposal of waste material is necessary. In other words, it has been believed that however many burdens we place on Nature, she can clean up and repair what we have done. This was true when people’s domain of activity was small. However, as that domain has expanded, the limits of Nature and the limits of growth have become all too evident. When we look around us, it seems we face a multitude of concerns with few answers to them. Confronted by a difficult situation, we often tend to become caught up in a trap of pessimism. The pessimism itself is not entirely bad: when we think the future is not very easy, we tend to pay attention to future risks. It can be harmful, however, when a pessimistic view of the future causes us to lose the moti- vation necessary for overcoming the pressing issues. v vi Preface To confront problems, we need collaboration between different disciplines, because twenty-first-century issues cannot be handled by a single discipline. As knowledge specific to a discipline expands, we need a group of specialists. In order to come together, individuals have to understand and acknowledge one another, which can be made possible through dialogue. This book is a summary of two international conferences held in Honolulu, Hawaii, in 2007 and 2008, which were organized by TIGS (Transdisciplinary Initiative for Global Sustainability)/ Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science (IR3S), the University of Tokyo. TIGS was established at the University of Tokyo in 2005 to promote interdisciplinary research toward sustainability science. The first symposium was titled “Dialogue Between Social and Natural Sciences” and the second was “Adaptation Strategies for Climate Change.” In the first sym- posium, a dialogue between different disciplines, in particular, social science and natural science, was conducted, while in the second symposium a dialogue between science, technology, economics, and policy was conducted in the field of adaptation for climate change. Many stimulating papers are included in this book. Although their views might not appear to be as well coordinated as they could have been, the diversity seen here is very important for creating a new pathway to the future sustainable society. It is our hope that this book will give rise to new fields of research such as sustainability science. July 28, 2009 Akimasa Sumi Professor and Executive Director Transdisciplinary Initiative for Global Sustainability Integrated Research System for Sustainability Science The University of Tokyo Contents Part I Impacts of Climate Change 1 Evaluating the Cost of Flood Damage Based on Changes in Extreme Rainfall in Japan ................................................................... 3 So Kazama, Ayumu Sato, and Seiki Kawagoe 2 Impact of Global Warming on Agricultural Product Markets: Stochastic World Food Model Analysis .................................................. 19 Jun Furuya and Shintaro Kobayashi 3 Impacts of Climate Change on Lakes and Reservoirs Dynamics and Restoration Policies ......................................................... 37 G.B. Sahoo and S.G. Schladow 4 Study of Fishery Ground Around Indonesia Archipelago Using Remote Sensing Data ..................................................................... 57 Takahiro Osawa and Sigit Julimantoro 5 Global Warming and Trans-Boundary Movement of Waterborne Microbial Pathogens ....................................................... 71 Nicholas J. Ashbolt Part II Mitigation and Adaptation 6 Designing Post-Kyoto Institutions: From the Reduction Rate to the Emissions Amount ................................................................. 85 Tatsuyoshi Saijo and Hiroshi Hamasaki 7 Mitigation Prospects and Challenges for India in Responding to Climate Change ........................................................... 97 Ritu Mathur and Suruchi Bhadwal vii viii Contents 8 Challenges to Substantial and Sustained Reductions in Greenhouse Gases: Opportunities for the United States from the Bottom-Up ................................................................................ 115 Stephen R. Connors 9 Scope and Roles of Adaptation to Climate Change ............................. 131 Nobuo Mimura 10 Adaptation of Fishing Communities in the Philippines to Climate Change ................................................................................... 141 Maria Rebecca Campos Part III Communication with Society About Climate Change 11 Economy and Environment: How to Get What We Want .................. 157 Carl B. Becker 12 A Mapping of Global Warming Research Based on IPCC AR4 ........ 167 Ai Hiramatsu, Nobuo Mimura, and Akimasa Sumi 13 Science and Climate Change Policy Making: A Comparative Network Perspective .................................................... 187 Jeffrey Broadbent 14 Environmental Communication Aimed at Household Energy Conservation ............................................................................................ 215 Chizuru Nishio 15 Bridging the Gulf Between Science and Society: Imperatives for Minimizing Societal Disruption from Climate Change in the Pacifi c ....................................................... 233 Patrick D. Nunn 16 Science, Culture, Education, and Social–Ecological Systems: A Study of Transdisciplinary Literacies in Student Discourse During a Place-Based and Culture-Based Polynesian Voyaging Program .................................................................................. 249 Pauline W.U. Chinn Part IV Resource and Technology Governance for Sustainability 17 Adaptive Governance: Proposals for Climate Change Science, Policy and Decision Making ...................................... 269 Ronald D. Brunner and Amanda H. Lynch Contents ix 18 Environmental Technology Policy in the US, from the 1970s into the Twenty-First Century ..................................... 285 George R. Heaton Jr. 19 The Development and Diffusion Processes of Sustainable Technologies and Implications for Public Policy: A Case Study in Japan ............................................................................ 293 Kohta Juraku and Tatsujiro Suzuki 20 Democratic Turn of Resource Governance in Japan: Prewar and Postwar Efforts for Integration in Resource Policy ................................................................................... 309 Jin Sato 21 Considering the “Social Adaptation” of an Infrastructure and the Consequence of Its Impact on Sustainability.......................... 317 Takayuki Minato Index ................................................................................................................. 331 Color Plates a b 0 400 800 (Thousand Million USD) Fig. 1.4 Potential damage costs of flooding in Japan (thousand million USD). a Damage costs for 100-year extreme rainfall. b Damage costs for 50-year extreme rainfall xi
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