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Ad Hoc Wireless Networks: A Communication-Theoretic Perspective PDF

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Ad Hoc Wireless Networks AdHocWirelessNetworks:ACommunication-TheoreticPerspective OzanK.TonguzandGianluigiFerrari © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 0-470-09110-X Ad Hoc Wireless Networks A Communication-Theoretic Perspective Ozan K. Tonguz CarnegieMellonUniversity,USA Gianluigi Ferrari UniversityofParma,Italy John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Copyright©2006 JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester, WestSussexPO198SQ,England Telephone (+44)1243779777 Email(forordersandcustomerserviceenquiries):[email protected] VisitourHomePageonwww.wiley.com AllRightsReserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrieval systemortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying, recording,scanningorotherwise,exceptunderthetermsoftheCopyright,Designsand PatentsAct1988orunderthetermsofalicenceissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency Ltd,90TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonW1T4LP,UK,withoutthepermissioninwritingof thePublisher.RequeststothePublishershouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment, JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussexPO198SQ, England,[email protected],orfaxedto(+44)1243770620. 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OtherWileyEditorialOffices JohnWiley&SonsInc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA Jossey-Bass,989MarketStreet,SanFrancisco,CA94103-1741,USA Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH,Boschstr.12,D-69469Weinheim,Germany JohnWiley&SonsAustraliaLtd,42McDougallStreet,Milton,Queensland4064,Australia JohnWiley&Sons(Asia)PteLtd,2ClementiLoop#02-01,JinXingDistripark,Singapore 129809 JohnWiley&SonsCanadaLtd,22WorcesterRoad,Etobicoke,Ontario,CanadaM9W1L1 Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappears inprintmaynotbeavailableinelectronicbooks. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN-13978-0-470-09110-4(HB) ISBN-100-470-09110-X(HB) TypesetbySunriseSettingLtd,Torquay,Devon,UK. PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyAntonyRoweLtd,Chippenham,Wiltshire. Thisbookis printedonacid-freepaperresponsiblymanufacturedfromsustainableforestry inwhichatleasttwotreesareplantedforeachoneusedforpaperproduction. To Inci, Dilek, Cihan and Tonguz Ozan K. Tonguz To Anna Gianluigi Ferrari Contents Preface xiii ListofAcronyms xv 1 RelatedWorkandPreliminaryConsiderations 1 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 RelatedWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2.1 ARouting-BasedApproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2.2 AnInformation-TheoreticApproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2.3 ADynamicControlApproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.4 AGame-TheoreticApproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 ANewPerspectivefortheDesignofAdHocWirelessNetworks . . . . . . 5 1.4 OverviewoftheUnderlyingAssumptionsintheFollowingChapters. . . . . 9 1.5 TheMainPhilosophyBehindtheBook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2 ACommunication-TheoreticFrameworkforMulti-hopAdHocWireless Networks:IdealScenario 15 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.2 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2.1 Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2.2 RouteDiscovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2.3 AverageNumberofHops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.3 Communication-TheoreticBasics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.3.1 BitErrorRateattheEndofaMulti-hopRoute . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.3.2 LinkSignal-to-NoiseRatio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.4 BERPerformanceAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.4.1 UncodedTransmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2.4.2 CodedTransmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.5 NetworkBehavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.5.1 Minimum Spatial Energy Density and Minimum Transmit Power forFullConnectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.5.2 Connectivity:AverageSustainableNumberofHops . . . . . . . . 34 2.5.3 LifetimeofaNode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 2.6 ConcludingRemarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 viii Contents 3 ACommunication-TheoreticFrameworkforMulti-hopAdHocWireless Networks:RealisticScenario 43 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.2 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.3 Communication-TheoreticBasics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.4 Inter-nodeInterference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.4.1 GeometricConsiderations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.4.2 TrafficModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.5 RESGOMACProtocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3.5.1 ScenariowithStrongLOSandInterferencefromNodesinTier1. . 50 3.5.2 ScenariowithStrongLOSandInterferencefromNodesinTiers1 and2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.5.3 ScenariowithStrongMultipath(RayleighFading) . . . . . . . . . 58 3.5.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 3.6 RESLIGOMACProtocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.6.1 ScenariowithStrongLOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 3.6.2 ScenariowithStrongMultipath(RayleighFading) . . . . . . . . . 69 3.6.3 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.7 NetworkBehavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.7.1 Minimum Spatial Energy Density and Minimum Transmit Power forFullConnectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.7.2 ScenariowithStrongLOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.7.3 ScenariowithStrongMultipath(RayleighFading) . . . . . . . . . 75 3.7.4 Connectivity:AverageSustainableNumberofHops . . . . . . . . 78 3.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 4 ConnectivityinAdHocWirelessNetworks:APhysicalLayerPerspective 85 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4.2 Quasi-regularTopology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 4.2.1 AFormalDefinitionofQuasi-regularTopology . . . . . . . . . . . 87 4.2.2 ACommunication-TheoreticApproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 4.2.3 WhatHappensifEachNodehasTwoSpatialNeighbors? . . . . . . 93 4.2.4 WhatHappensifThereisInter-nodeInterference? . . . . . . . . . 96 4.3 RandomTopology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.3.1 RelatedWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.3.2 ConnectivityinAdHocWirelessNetworkswithRandomTopology 102 4.3.3 EvaluationoftheLikelihoodofBroadcastPercolation . . . . . . . 104 4.3.4 WhatHappensifThereisInter-nodeInterference? . . . . . . . . . 108 4.4 ConcludingRemarksandDiscussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 5 EffectiveTransportCapacityinAdHocWirelessNetworks 111 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 5.2 ModelandAssumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 5.3 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 5.3.1 RouteBitErrorRate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 5.3.2 LinkSignal-to-NoiseRatio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 5.3.3 AverageSustainableNumberofHops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5.4 Single-RouteEffectiveTransportCapacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Contents ix 5.5 AggregateEffectiveTransportCapacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 5.5.1 Ideal(noINI)Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 5.5.2 Realistic(INI)Case:RESGOMACProtocol . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 5.5.3 Realistic(INI)Case:RESLIGOMACProtocol . . . . . . . . . . . 128 5.6 ComparisonoftheRESGOandRESLIGOMACProtocols . . . . . . . . . 131 5.7 Spread-RESGO:ImprovedRESGOMACProtocolwithPer-routeSpreading Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 5.8 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 5.9 ConcludingRemarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 6 ImpactofMobilityonthePerformanceofMulti-hopAdHocWireless Networks 143 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 6.2 Preliminaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 6.2.1 Ideal(noINI)Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 6.2.2 Realistic(INI)Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 6.3 SwitchingModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 6.3.1 OpportunisticNon-reservation-BasedSwitching . . . . . . . . . . 149 6.3.2 Reservation-BasedSwitching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 6.4 MobilityModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 6.4.1 Direction-PersistentMobilityModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 6.4.2 Direction-Non-persistent(DNP)MobilityModel . . . . . . . . . . 155 6.5 NumericalResults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 6.5.1 Direction-PersistentMobilityModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 6.5.2 Direction-Non-persistentMobilityModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 6.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 7 RouteReservationinAdHocWirelessNetworks 167 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 7.2 RelatedWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 7.3 NetworkModelsandAssumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 7.3.1 NetworkTopology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 7.3.2 TypicalRoutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 7.3.3 BitErrorRateattheEndofaMulti-hopRoute . . . . . . . . . . . 170 7.3.4 RetransmissionModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 7.3.5 Mobility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 7.4 TheTwoSwitchingSchemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 7.4.1 Reservation-BasedSwitching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 7.4.2 Non-reservation-BasedSwitching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 7.5 AnalysisoftheTwoSwitchingTechniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 7.5.1 Reservation-BasedSwitching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 7.5.2 Non-reservation-BasedSwitching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 7.6 ResultsandDiscussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 7.6.1 SwitchingSchemeandTrafficLoad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 7.6.2 EffectsofInterference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 7.6.3 EffectsoftheNumberofSimultaneouslyActiveDisjointRoutes . . 188 7.6.4 EffectsofNodeSpatialDensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 x Contents 7.6.5 EffectsofMobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 7.6.6 ImplicationsonPracticalScenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 7.7 ConcludingRemarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 8 OptimalCommonTransmitPowerforAdHocWirelessNetworks 195 8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 8.2 ModelandAssumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 8.2.1 NetworkTopology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 8.2.2 Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 8.2.3 MediumAccessControlProtocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 8.3 Connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 8.3.1 SquareGridTopology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 8.3.2 Two-DimensionalPoissonTopology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 8.4 BERattheEndofaMulti-hopRoute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 8.4.1 SquareGridTopology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 8.4.2 RandomTopology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 8.5 OptimalCommonTransmitPower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 8.5.1 OptimalCommonTransmitPowerforNetworkswithSquareGrid Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 8.5.2 OptimalCommonTransmitPowerforNetworkswithRandom Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 8.6 PerformanceMetrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 8.6.1 NodeandNetworkLifetime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 8.6.2 EffectiveTransportCapacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 8.7 ResultsandDiscussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 8.7.1 OptimalTransmitPowerandDataRate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 8.7.2 OptimalTransmitPowerandNodeSpatialDensity . . . . . . . . . 210 8.7.3 EffectsofStrongPropagationPathLoss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 8.7.4 ConnectivityRobustnesstoNodeSpatialDensityChanges . . . . . 213 8.7.5 PracticalDeterminationoftheOptimalTransmitPower . . . . . . . 215 8.8 RelatedWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 8.9 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 9 TheRoutingProbleminAdHocWirelessNetworks:ACross-Layer Perspective 219 9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 9.2 ExperimentalEvidence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 9.3 Preliminaries:AnalyticalModelsandAssumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 9.3.1 PhysicalLayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 9.3.2 MediumAccessControl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 9.3.3 BasicNetworkingAssumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 9.4 RouteSelection:SimulationStudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 9.4.1 NetworkTopology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 9.4.2 BER-BasedRoutingversusShortest-PathRouting . . . . . . . . . 227 9.5 NetworkPerformanceEvaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 9.5.1 AverageHopLengthModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 9.5.2 RetransmissionModel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Contents xi 9.5.3 PacketErrorRate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 9.5.4 Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 9.6 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 9.6.1 Cross-layerRouting:APracticalPerspective . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 9.6.2 Mobility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 9.7 RelatedWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 9.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 10 ConcludingRemarks 249 10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 10.2 ExtensionsoftheTheoreticalFramework:OpenProblems . . . . . . . . . . 249 10.2.1 PerformanceofAdHocWirelessNetworks:RandomVersus UniformTopologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 10.2.2 ImpactofClusteringontheBERPerformanceinAdHocWireless Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 10.2.3 Impact of Receiver Sensitivity on the Performance of Ad Hoc WirelessNetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 10.2.4 Spectral Efficiency–Connectivity Tradeoff in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 10.2.5 MIMO-OFDMWirelessCommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 10.2.6 SmartAntennasandDirectionalAntennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 10.3 NetworkArchitectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 10.4 NetworkApplicationArchitectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 10.5 Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 10.6 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 10.7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 AppendixA AnalysisoftheInter-nodeInterference 265 A.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 A.2 ExactComputationoftheAverageLinkBERinaScenariowithStrongLOS 265 A.2.1 InterferencefromNodesinTier1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 A.2.2 InterferencefromNodesinTiers1and2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 A.2.3 InterferencefromNodesinTier2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 A.2.4 SimulationScenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 A.3 Exact Computation of the Average Link BER in a Scenario with Strong Multipath(RayleighFading) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 A.3.1 InterferencefromNodesinTier1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 A.3.2 InterferencefromNodesinTiers1and2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 A.3.3 InterferencefromNodesinTiers1,2and3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 A.4 LOSandMultipath(RiceFading) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 A.5 GaussianAssumptionfortheInterferenceNoise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 A.5.1 RouteBitErrorRate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 A.5.2 InterferencePower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 AppendixB ProofofTheorem1,Chapter5 287 AppendixC RouteDiscovery 293 xii Contents AppendixD ValidationofAnalyticalResults 295 D.1 ValidationofNetworkGoodput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 D.2 ValidationofDelay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 D.3 ValidationofAverageNumberofSimultaneouslyActiveRoutes . . . . . . . 297 AppendixE DerivationofJointCDFofW and(cid:1) 299 References 307 Index 327

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