Acute Brain Impairment - Scientific Discoveries and Translational Research

366 Pages·2018·6.294 MB·English

by  Drug Discovery 62

Acute Brain Impairment
Scientific Discoveries and Translational Research
1
0
0
P
F
9-
3
5
2
1
0
8
8
7
1
8
7
9
9/
3
0
1
0.
1
oi:
d
g |
or
c.
s
s.r
b
u
p
p://
htt
n
o
7
1
0
2
er
b
m
e
v
o
N
7
n 1
o
d
e
h
s
bli
u
P
View Online
Drug Discovery Series
Editor-in-Chief:
David Thurston, King’s College, UK
1
0
0
P
F
9- Series Editors:
3
25 David Fox, Vulpine Science and Learning, UK
1
80 Ana Martinez, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas-CSIC, Spain
8
17 David Rotella, Montclair State University, USA
8
97 Sarah Skerratt, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, UK
9/
3
0
1
0. Editorial Advisor:
1
oi: Hong Shen, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, China
d
g |
or
c. Titles in the Series:
s
bs.r 1: Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity of Functional Groups
u
http://p 23:: EEmmeerrggiinngg DDrruuggss aanndd TTaarrggeettss ffoorr AAllzzhheeiimmeerr’’ss DDiisseeaassee;; VVoolluummee 12
n 4: Accounts in Drug Discovery
o
17 5: New Frontiers in Chemical Biology
0
er 2 6: Animal Models for Neurodegenerative Disease
mb 7: Neurodegeneration
e
v 8: G Protein-Coupled Receptors
o
N
7 9: Pharmaceutical Process Development
n 1 10: Extracellular and Intracellular Signaling
o
d 11: New Synthetic Technologies in Medicinal Chemistry
e
h
blis 12: New Horizons in Predictive Toxicology
u 13: Drug Design Strategies: Quantitative Approaches
P
14: Neglected Diseases and Drug Discovery
15: Biomedical Imaging
16: Pharmaceutical Salts and Cocrystals
17: Polyamine Drug Discovery
18: Proteinases as Drug Targets
19: Kinase Drug Discovery
20: Drug Design Strategies: Computational Techniques and Applications
21: Designing Multi-Target Drugs
22: Nanostructured Biomaterials for Overcoming Biological Barriers
23: Physico-Chemical and Computational Approaches to Drug Discovery
24: Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury
25: Drug Discovery from Natural Products
26: Anti-Inflammatory Drug Discovery
27: New Therapeutic Strategies for Type 2 Diabetes: Small Molecules
28: Drug Discovery for Psychiatric Disorders
29: Organic Chemistry of Drug Degradation
30: Computational Approaches to Nuclear Receptors
31: Traditional Chinese Medicine
32: Successful Strategies for the Discovery of Antiviral Drugs
View Online
33: Comprehensive Biomarker Discovery and Validation for Clinical
Application
34: Emerging Drugs and Targets for Parkinson’s Disease
35: Pain Therapeutics; Current and Future Treatment Paradigms
1
0 36: Biotherapeutics: Recent Developments using Chemical and
0
P
F Molecular Biology
9-
3 37: Inhibitors of Molecular Chaperones as Therapeutic Agents
5
2
1 38: Orphan Drugs and Rare Diseases
0
8
8 39: Ion Channel Drug Discovery
7
1
8 40: Macrocycles in Drug Discovery
7
9
9/ 41: Human-based Systems for Translational Research
3
10 42: Venoms to Drugs: Venom as a Source for the Development of
0.
1 Human Therapeutics
oi:
d 43: Carbohydrates in Drug Design and Discovery
org | 44: Drug Discovery for Schizophrenia
sc. 45: Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease: Scientific Discoveries and
bs.r New Therapies
u
p://p 46: Green Chemistry Strategies for Drug Discovery
htt 47: Fragment-Based Drug Discovery
on 48: Epigenetics for Drug Discovery
7
1 49: New Horizons in Predictive Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics
0
2
er 50: Privileged Scaffolds in Medicinal Chemistry: Design,
b
m Synthesis, Evaluation
e
ov 51: Nanomedicines: Design, Delivery and Detection
N
7 52: Synthetic Methods in Drug Discovery: Volume 1
n 1 53: Synthetic Methods in Drug Discovery: Volume 2
o
ed 54: Drug Transporters: Role and Importance in ADME and
h
blis Drug Development
Pu 55: Drug Transporters: Recent Advances and Emerging Technologies
56: Allosterism in Drug Discovery
57: Anti-aging Drugs: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice
58: Antibiotic Drug Discovery: New Targets and Molecular Entities
59: Peptide-based Drug Discovery: Challenges and New Therapeutics
60: Drug Discovery for Leishmaniasis
61: Biophysical Techniques in Drug Discovery
62: Acute Brain Impairment: Scientific Discoveries and Translational
Research
How to obtain future titles on publication:
Astandingorderplanisavailableforthisseries.Astandingorderwillbring
delivery of each new volume immediately on publication.
For further information please contact:
BookSalesDepartment,RoyalSocietyofChemistry,ThomasGrahamHouse,
Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WF, UK
Telephone: þ44 (0)1223 420066, Fax: þ44 (0)1223 420247,
Email: [email protected]
Visit our website at www.rsc.org/books
View Online
1
0
0
P
F
9-
3
5
2
1
0
8
8
7
1
8
7
9
9/
3
0
1
0.
1
oi:
d
g |
or
c.
s
s.r
b
u
p
p://
htt
n
o
7
1
0
2
er
b
m
e
v
o
N
7
n 1
o
d
e
h
s
bli
u
P
View Online
Acute Brain Impairment
Scientific Discoveries and Translational
1 Research
0
0
P
F
9-
3
5
2
1
0
8
8
7
81 Edited by
7
9
9/
3
10 Philip V. Peplow
0.
oi:1 University of Otago, New Zealand
g | d Email: [email protected]
or
c.
s.rs Svetlana A. Dambinova
b
u DeKalb Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
p
p:// Email: [email protected]
htt
n
o
7 Thomas A. Gennarelli
1
20 George Washington University, USA
ber Email: [email protected]
m
e
v
o
N and
7
n 1
o
d Bridget Martinez
e
h
s University of California, Merced, USA
bli
u Email: [email protected]
P
View Online
1
0
0
P
F
9-
3
5
2
1
0
8
8
7
1
8
7
9
9/
3 DrugDiscoverySeriesNo.62
0
1
0.
1
oi: PrintISBN:978-1-78262-950-4
org | d PEDPUFBISIBSNBN:9:7987-81--17-87880810-12-5333-79-6
c. ISSN:2041-3203
s
s.r
b
u
p AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
p://
htt rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2018
n
o
7
1 Allrightsreserved
0
2
er
b Apartfromfairdealingforthepurposesofresearchfornon-commercialpurposesorfor
m
e privatestudy,criticismorreview,aspermittedundertheCopyright,DesignsandPatents
v
No Act1988andtheCopyrightandRelatedRightsRegulations2003,thispublicationmaynot
7 bereproduced,storedortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withouttheprior
n 1 permissioninwritingofTheRoyalSocietyofChemistryorthecopyrightowner,orinthe
o
d caseofreproductioninaccordancewiththetermsoflicencesissuedbytheCopyright
e
h
s LicensingAgencyintheUK,orinaccordancewiththetermsofthelicencesissuedby
ubli theappropriateReproductionRightsOrganizationoutsidetheUK.Enquiriesconcerning
P
reproductionoutsidethetermsstatedhereshouldbesenttoTheRoyalSocietyof
Chemistryattheaddressprintedonthispage.
Whilstthismaterialhasbeenproducedwithallduecare,TheRoyalSocietyofChemistry
cannotbeheldresponsibleorliableforitsaccuracyandcompleteness,norforany
consequencesarisingfromanyerrorsortheuseoftheinformationcontainedinthis
publication.Thepublicationofadvertisementsdoesnotconstituteanyendorsementby
TheRoyalSocietyofChemistryorAuthorsofanyproductsadvertised.Theviewsand
opinionsadvancedbycontributorsdonotnecessarilyreflectthoseofTheRoyalSociety
ofChemistrywhichshallnotbeliableforanyresultinglossordamagearisingasaresult
ofrelianceuponthismaterial.
TheRoyalSocietyofChemistryisacharity,registeredinEnglandandWales,
Number207890,andacompanyincorporatedinEnglandbyRoyalCharter
(RegisteredNo.RC000524),registeredoffice:BurlingtonHouse,Piccadilly,
LondonW1J0BA,UK,Telephone:þ44(0)20743786556.
Forfurtherinformationseeourwebsiteatwww.rsc.org
PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY,UK
7
0
0
P
F
9-
3
5 Preface
2
1
0
8
8
7
1
8
7
9
9/
3
0
1
0.
1
oi: Acutebraininjuryisassociatedwithconsiderableshort-termandlong-term
d
g | morbidity and mortality. The increasing effort devoted to understanding
or the cellular pathways and key molecules involved in acute brain injury, to-
c.
s
s.r getherwithidentifyingmarkersthatcanimprovediagnosticandprognostic
b
u accuracy, has provided the impetus for the construction of this book.
p
p:// Itisthegoalofthisbooktoprovideaforumforclinicalexpertstopresent
htt recentdataonbiomarkersandadvancedneuroimagingmodalitiesforacute
n
7 o brain injury. It also brings together scientific experts to present the state
1
0 of the art in their fields. It is my hope that the topics covered herein will
2
er provide new information on the cellular and biochemical mechanisms
b
m
e involved in acute brain injury and that this knowledge will lead to a more
v
No effective approach to recognition and clinical management.
n 17 Iwishtoexpressmy deepappreciation toeachof thechapterauthorsfor
o the time and effort spent on writing informative reviews on their respective
d
he areasofclinicalandresearchinterest.Also,Iwishtoexpressmygratitudeto
s
bli ProfessorSvetlanaDambinovaforhelpingmetoplanandorganizethebook
u
P
chapters, and to my co-editors Professor Svetlana Dambinova, Professor
ThomasA.Gennarelli,andDrBridgetMartinez.IalsowishtothankRowan
Frame and Dr Hannah Aitchisonof the Royal Society of Chemistry for their
help, support, and patience in the course of putting together this book.
Philip V. Peplow
DrugDiscoverySeriesNo.62
AcuteBrainImpairment:ScientificDiscoveriesandTranslationalResearch
EditedbyPhilipV.Peplow,SvetlanaA.Dambinova,ThomasA.GennarelliandBridgetMartinez
rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2018
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
vii
8
0
0
P
F
9-
3
5 Dedication
2
1
0
8
8
7
1
8
7
9
9/
3
0
1
0.
1
oi: ThisbookisdedicatedtoDrBridgetMartinez,whosefriendshipisajoyand
d
g | inspiration to me. In loving memory of Bridget’s father, Elmer Martinez,
or whose memory and spirit have guided her through life and an incredible
c.
s
s.r journey in science, research and medicine. It is also dedicated to Bridget’s
b
u mother, Eda Luz Noguera, who has been a source of love and motivation
p
p:// for her.
htt
n
7 o Philip Peplow
1
0
2
er
b Tomy teacher,Acad. NataliaP. Bechtereva, anoutstanding neurologistand
m
ve neurophysiologistwhounlockedtomethewondersofresearchinexecutive
o
N brain functions.
7
n 1
o
d Svetlana Dambinova
e
h
s
bli
Pu Mygratitudetomycolleagues,friendsandfamilywhohavesupportedmein
this effort.
Thomas Gennarelli
DrugDiscoverySeriesNo.62
AcuteBrainImpairment:ScientificDiscoveriesandTranslationalResearch
EditedbyPhilipV.Peplow,SvetlanaA.Dambinova,ThomasA.GennarelliandBridgetMartinez
rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2018
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
viii
9
0
0
P
F
9-
3
5 Contents
2
1
0
8
8
7
1
8
7
9
9/
3
0
1 Chapter 1 Transient Ischemic Attack, Traumatic Brain Injury, and
0.
1
oi: Ischemic Stroke: Risk Factors and Treatments 1
d
g | Philip V. Peplow and Jacqueline J. T. Liaw
or
c.
s.rs 1.1 Introduction 1
b
u 1.2 Definition of TIA, TBI, and Stroke 2
p
p:// 1.3 Incidence of TIA, TBI, and Stroke 3
n htt 1.4 Risk Factors for TIA and Stroke 4
o
7 1.4.1 Age 4
1
0
2 1.4.2 Gender 4
er
mb 1.4.3 Race 4
e
v 1.4.4 Hypertension 4
o
N
7 1.4.5 Diabetes Mellitus 5
n 1 1.4.6 Smoking 5
o
d
e 1.4.7 Previous Stroke 5
h
s
bli 1.4.8 TIA 5
u
P 1.4.9 Atrial Fibrillation 6
1.4.10 Atherosclerosis of Carotid Arteries 6
1.4.11 Coronary Artery Disease 6
1.4.12 Obesity 6
1.4.13 Diet 6
1.4.14 Physical Activity 6
1.4.15 Blood Lipids 7
1.4.16 Hormone Replacement Therapy 7
1.5 Treatment of TIA and Ischemic Stroke 7
1.5.1 Thrombolysis 7
1.5.2 Antiplatelet Therapy 7
DrugDiscoverySeriesNo.62
AcuteBrainImpairment:ScientificDiscoveriesandTranslationalResearch
EditedbyPhilipV.Peplow,SvetlanaA.Dambinova,ThomasA.GennarelliandBridgetMartinez
rTheRoyalSocietyofChemistry2018
PublishedbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry,www.rsc.org
ix
View Online
x Contents
1.5.3 Anticoagulant Therapy 8
1.5.4 Statin Therapy 8
1.5.5 Neuroprotective Therapy 9
1.5.6 Thrombectomy 9
9
0
0 1.6 Hemorrhagic Transformation 9
P
F
9- 1.7 Treatment of TBI 10
3
25 1.8 Conclusion 11
1
0
8 References 11
8
7
1
8
7
9 Chapter 2 Inflammatory Changes in Cerebral Ischemic
9/
03 Injury: Cellular and Molecular Involvement 15
1
10. Hiroaki Ooboshi
oi:
d
g | 2.1 Introduction 15
or
c. 2.2 Damage-associated Molecular Patterns in Ischemic
s
bs.r Brain Tissue 16
u
p
p:// 2.3 Toll-like Receptors as DAMP Receptors 18
htt 2.4 Inflammatory Cytokines and Mediators 19
n
o 2.5 Infiltrating Immune Cells in the Ischemic Brain 21
7
1
0 2.6 T Cells in Ischemic Brain Injury 21
2
er 2.7 Resolution of Post-ischemic Inflammation 23
b
m
e 2.8 Conclusion 25
v
o
N References 25
7
n 1
o
d Chapter3 BiomarkersofAcuteBrainInjuryandSurrogateEndpoints
e
sh inTraumaticBrainInjuryandStrokeTranslationalStudies 34
bli
u Linda Papa
P
3.1 Epidemiology of Acute Traumatic Brain Injury and
Stroke 34
3.2 Brain Injury Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints
in Clinical Trials 36
3.3 Biomarkers of Astroglial Injury 37
3.3.1 S100b 37
3.3.2 Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein 38
3.4 Biomarkers of Neuronal Injury 39
3.4.1 Neuron-specific Enolase 39
3.4.2 Ubiquitin C-terminal Hydrolase 40
3.5 Biomarkers of Axonal Injury 41
3.5.1 aII-spectrin Breakdown Products 41
3.5.2 Tau Protein 41
3.5.3 Neurofilaments 42
3.6 Conclusion 42
References 43