Acupuncture, Trigger Points and Musculoskeletal Pain. A scientific approach to acupuncture for use by doctors and physiotherapists in the diagnosis and management of myofascial trigger point pain

362 Pages·2005·4.32 MB·english

by  P.E. Baldry

To Oina, my wife, for her patience and forbearance
during the writing of this book.
The phenomena of pain belong to that borderland between the body and
soul about which it is so delightful to speculate from the comfort of an
armchair, but which offers such formidable obstacles to scientific inquiry.
J. H. Kellgren (1948)
Extracts from reviews of the first edition:
‘…I warmly recommend this book to anyone who wants to learn more about this
often neglected area of common musculoskeletal pain conditions…’
Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London
‘This is a book that should belong to physicians, neurologists, rheumatologists and
teachers of medical students…’
Pain
Endorsements of the new edition:
‘Peter Baldry is one of the most respected practitioners of Medical Acupuncture in
the UK. This new edition is yet another first-class book, which adeptly combines
the theory and practice of treatment of trigger points for musculoskeletal pain.
An eminently readable and informative text; this is a tour du forceand an essential
acquisition for those practitioners who want a clear practical guide for the
treatment of musculoskeletal pain using trigger point treatment and the scientific
understanding that underpins the treatment.’
Jacqueline Filshie, Consultant in Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal
Marsden Hospital, London and Surrey; Secretary of the British Medical
Acupuncture Society
‘In this fine comprehensive book, Dr Baldry removes much of the mystique
from acupuncture as a technique for musculoskeletal pain relief. Using a fully
scientific integration of Eastern and Western knowledge, coupled with the
relevant literature on clinical effectiveness of acupuncture, he provides an ideal,
evidence-based text for the practitioner.
From the beginner to the expert, anyone with an interest in the nature of
muscle pain, its pathophysiology and treatment will be informed by this book: the
entry-level therapist will gain a better understanding based on sound scientific
evidence, while the experienced clinician will be rewarded with a well-written
guide to what is significant in everyday clinical practice. Clinicians of several
medical specialties (neurologists, orthopaedic surgeons, general practitioners, pain
specialists, physiatrists) and other practitioners (acupuncturists, physiotherapists,
nurses, occupational therapists) will find this book an indispensable reference in
their daily work. For those who wish to implement acupuncture in the clinic, this
textbook is an invaluable resource for responsible practice.
In total, this book offers an innovative approach to the diagnosis,
understanding and treatment of myofascial trigger point pain using acupuncture
that integrates all current concepts of neurophysiology and neuroanatomy
principles. Dr Peter Baldry is to be congratulated for conceptualizing, editing and
writing such a truly valuable asset for every clinical practice.’
Dr George Georgoudis, Research Physiotherapist, University of Manchester, UK;
Lecturer, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Department of
Physiotherapy, Greece; “Tzanio” General Hospital of Pireaus, Greece
For Elsevier Ltd
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Distributed in the United States of America by Redwing
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© Longman Group UK Limited 1993
© Harcourt Brace and Company Limited 1998
© Harcourt Publishers Limited 2000
© Elsevier Ltd 2005
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First edition 1989
Second edition 1993
Third edition 2005
Translated into Japanese 1995
Translated into German 1996
ISBN 0 443 06644 2
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Acatalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Acatalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Note
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research
and experience broaden our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment and drug
therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the
most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the
manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose
or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications.
It is the responsibility of the practitioner, relying on their own experience and
knowledge of the patient, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best
treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety
precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the author
assumes any liability for any injury and/or damage.
The Publisher
The
Publisher’s
policy is to use
paper manufactured
from sustainable forests
Printed in China
Prelims.qxd 13*10*04 14:30 Page vii
vii
Foreword
Quod est ante pedes nemo spectat: coeli Scrutantur evaluation of acupuncture. The results of properly
plagas. (What is before one’s feet no one looks at; controlled experiments and trials demonstrating
they gaze at the regions of heaven.) the efficacy of acupuncture are slowly but surely
Ennius, quoted by Cicero, De Divinat., 2, 13. accumulating and Dr Baldry discusses these criti-
cally and points the way to the further rigorous
This is an important and valuable book that studies that are urgently needed. The third part of
needed to be written. Musculoskeletal or myofas- the book gives a detailed and splendidly practical
cial pain is an all too common and extraordinarily account of the many different forms of muscu-
neglected subject of medicine; it is barely men- loskeletal pain and the way that these can be treated
tioned in many textbooks of medicine. In reality it with acupuncture.
is a ubiquitous condition that causes a great deal Even for the reader who does not intend to use
of pain and suffering and one which, unfortu- acupuncture, this book still serves a most valuable
nately, either slips by unrecognized or is passed purpose by drawing attention to the very large
off as trivial or untreatable. In this book Dr Peter number of common musculoskeletal pain condi-
Baldry has shown how musculoskeletal pain can tions that are all too commonly overlooked. Apar-
be simply and effectively treated by acupuncture. ticularly helpful feature of Dr Baldry’s book is the
But this book is much more than that because it is rich admixture of case histories of his own
really three books in one. patients, from which the medical reader can learn
The first part presents an interesting historical the correct way to diagnose and subsequently to
background to Chinese acupuncture and its spread treat these painful conditions.
to the outside world, particularly to the West. The There seems little doubt that, through unfamil-
second part deals with the principles of trigger iarity with this condition, much time and effort are
point acupuncture wherein, over the course of six often expended unnecessarily both by the medical
chapters, the reader is presented with a detailed profession and by patients seeking the cause and
and critical account of the evidence for and the treatment of pain problems that are, in fact, mus-
nature of trigger points and the way in which acu- culoskeletal in origin. Dr Baldry has performed a
puncture can be used to deactivate them. Dr Baldry most valuable service in writing this eminently
spares no effort to provide the reader with an up-to- readable book and I wish it the very considerable
date and accurate account of the neurophysiology success that it richly deserves.
of pain and the possible ways in which acupunc-
ture can be used to control it. He also grasps the dif- John W. Thompson
ficult and important nettle concerning the scientific
Prelims.qxd 13*10*04 14:30 Page ix
ix
Preface
The aims of this book point and fibromyalgia syndromes since the 2nd
edition of this book was published, that in this edi-
It is because traditional Chinese acupuncture is per-
tion four chapters in Part 2 (Principles of Trigger
force inextricably bound up with archaic concepts
Point Acupuncture) have had to be replaced by
concerning the structure and function of the body
entirely new ones. In addition to these changes
that most members of the medical profession in the
most of the other chapters in Part 2 and Part
Western world view it with suspicion and scepti-
3 (The Practical Application of Trigger Point
cism and assign it, together with various other
Acupuncture) have had to be extensively revised.
seemingly esoteric forms of therapy, to what is
It is hoped that as a result of reading this book
called alternative or complementary medicine.
many more anaesthetists, rheumatologists, ortho-
Moreover, it is evident that attempts during the past
paedic specialists, general physicians, general prac-
40 years to place Chinese acupuncture on a more
titioners and physiotherapists than at present may
rational and scientific basis have done little to dispel
not only be led to search for trigger points in their
this attitude.
routine clinical investigation of pain,but may also
My reason for writing this book is to bring to the
be persuaded to include dry needling at these
attention of doctors and physiotherapists a 20th-
points in their therapeutic armamentarium.
century-evolved scientific approach to acupunc-
ture for the relief of pain emanating from trigger
Case histories
points in the myofascial pain syndrome and from
tender and trigger points in the fibromyalgia syn- I offer no apology for having included case histor-
drome, and to take acupuncture (so far as the alle- ies in this book. They are, of course, by their very
viation of nociceptive pain of this type is concerned) nature essentially anecdotal and certainly no infer-
out of the category of alternative or complementry ence is meant to be drawn from them concerning
medicine by describing a method of employing it the effectiveness of trigger point acupuncture, for
that has been developed as a result of observations any conclusions about that can only come from
made by physicians during recent years and is clinical trials. The sole purpose of including these
now fast becoming incorporated within the frame- vignettes is to provide illustrations from everyday
work of present-day orthodox medical practice. clinical practice that serve to highlight certain
It is because there have been so many advances important principles underlying the diagnosis and
in our knowledge concerning the pathophysiology, management of various painful musculoskeletal
diagnosis and treatment of the myofascial trigger disorders.
Prelims.qxd 13*10*04 14:30 Page xi
xi
Acknowledgements
My very sincere thanks are due to Professor John 15.17, 15.23*, 16.8, 16.9, 16.10, 18.1*, 18.6, 18.7*,
Thompson for the meticulous manner in which he 18.9*, 18.11*, 20.1, 20.2, 20.5*, 20.6. The illustrations
read the manuscript of this book and then gave me from Gray’s Anatomymarked with an asterisk orig-
much valuable advice and constructive criticism inally appeared in Quain’s Anatomy11th edition.
besides kindly writing a foreword. Finally, I have to thank the following:
I wish to express my gratitude to Dr Alexander Dr J. H. Kellgren and the editor of Clinical Science
Macdonald for it was he who, some years ago, first for permission to publish Figures 4.1 and 4.2;
drew my attention to the aetiological importance Dr Kellgren and the editor of the British Medical
of trigger points in the pathogenesis of mus- Journal for permission to publish Figure 4.3;
culoskeletal pain and introduced me to trigger Dr Howard Fields and McGraw Hill, New York for
point acupuncture as a method of alleviating it. permission to reproduce Figures 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 and
I thank Dr Felix Mann for having initially brought 7.3 from Pain1987; Dr David Bowsher and the edi-
to my notice the close relationship between trigger tor of Acupuncture in Medicine – The Journal of the
points and traditional Chinese acupuncture points. British Medical Acupuncture Society for permission
I wish to say how indebted I am to the late to reproduce Figures 6.5 and 9.1; Dr David Simons
Drs Janet Travell and Dr David Simons for the and Haworth Press for permission to reproduce
very considerable contribution they made to Figure 7.2; Dr Alexander Macdonald and George
my knowledge of specific patterns of myofascial Allen & Unwin, London for permission to repro-
trigger point pain referral. It has largely been from duce Figures 7.4 and 7.5 from Acupuncture – from
studying their descriptions and illustrations Ancient Art to Modern Medicine 1982; Mr R. J.
of these patterns in various publications referred D’Souza for providing me with Figure 7.6;
to later in this book that I am now able to recog- Professor Yunus and Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia
nize them in my own patients. for permission to reproduce Figure 7.7; Dr J. Park
I also wish to say how very grateful I am to and the editor of Acupuncture in Medicine for per-
Dr David Bowsher, for it has been from him in parti- mission to reproduce Figure 11.1; Dr David Simons
cular that I have learnt so much about what is and Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh for permis-
currentlyknown concerning the mechanisms respon- sion to reproduce Figure 16.6 from Textbook of
sible for the pain-relieving effect of acupuncture. Pain (Wall P., Melzack R., eds) 2nd edition 1989;
I have to thank Professors Peter Williams and Professor R. W. Porter and Churchill Livingstone,
Roger Warwick, the editors of Gray’s Anatomy Edinburgh for permission to reproduce Figures
(36th edition 1980) and its publishers Churchill 17.2 and 17.3 from The Lumbar Spine and Back Pain
Livingstone for giving me permission to repro- (Jason M. I. V., ed) 3rd edition 1987.
duce Figures 12.1, 12.5, 12.9, 12.14, 13.12, 15.1, 15.2, P.E.B. ([email protected])
Prelims.qxd 13*10*04 14:30 Page xiii
xiii
Introduction to the third edition
For reasons to be explained later in this book, the needle) for the purpose of stimulating peripheral
early 1970s saw the dawn of an era when people in nerve endings, achieves its pain-relieving effect
the Western world began taking an increasing inter- by virtue of its ability to evoke activity in pain-
estin the ancient oriental mode of therapy known modulating mechanisms present in the peripheral
as acupuncture, with lay practitioners of it leading and central nervous systems.
the public to believe that it has such wide ranging In the light of this discovery and a number of
healing properties as to be an effective alternative others the public in general and the medical pro-
to orthodox medicine in the treatment of a large fession in particular have had to revise their atti-
number of diseases. tudes towards acupuncture.
There is clearly no justification for such extra- Furthermore, when the House of Lords select
vagant claims and it has to be said that, at the onset committee in science and technology (2000) took a
of this era, the medical profession in Europe and close look at various types of treatment at present
America viewed this form of therapy with consid- included within the ambit of complementary/
erable suspicion and continued to do so for so long alternative medicine, it divided them into three
as explanations as to how it might work remained groups and placed acupuncture in the one con-
inextricably bound up with abstruse concepts for- taining therapeutic procedures deemed to be the
mulated by the Chinese 3000 years previously. most organized and regulated.
This reluctance to believe in these long-established The committee, in addition, considered that the
but somewhat esoteric hypotheses was, of course, research bases of these procedures are of suffi-
because they had been conceived at a time when ciently high standards to allow them to be used
ideas concerning the structure and function of the within the UK’s National Health Service.
body together with those concerning the nature of Prior to the publication of this report the British
disease belonged more to the realms of fantasy than Medical Acupuncture Society (1997) had published
fact, and for this reason it was difficult to reconcile a discussion paper entitled ‘Acupuncture’s Place
them with the principles upon which the present- Within Mainstream Medicine’. In this it was stated:
day Western system of medical practice is based. ‘…Medical acupuncture practice depends on
During the latter part of the 20th century, how- three important principles: an orthodox Western
ever, there has been a considerable increase in diagnosis needs to be made for every patient;
knowledge concerning the neurophysiology of acupuncture should be integrated with conven-
pain and because of this there is now a scientific tional medicine; and it must be appreciated that
explanation for acupuncture’s ability to alleviate the traditional Chinese view of acupuncture is being
pain. It has become apparent that this technique, replaced in many areas by an approach based on
which involves the use of dry needles (acus(Latin), modern physiology and neuroanatomy. …’
Prelims.qxd 13*10*04 14:30 Page xiv
xiv INTRODUCTION TO THE THIRD EDITION
In accordance with the above, in 2000 The Royal devised a method of practising it principally for
College of Physicians of London set up a subcom- the relief of musculoskeletal pain that may be con-
mittee to assist with the present task of bringing sidered to be a forerunner of the somewhat more
acupuncture and a strictly selected number of other sophisticated one developed in recent years and
hitherto somewhat pejoratively called complemen- described in this book. It is also pointed out that,
tary or alternative therapeutic procedures within although physicians who advocated the use of
the framework of orthodox medical practice. acupuncture in the Western world during the last
Lewith et al (2003), moreover, during the course century wrote enthusiastically about it, it was never
of discussing the current status of certain thera- widely practised by their contemporaries, mainly
peutic procedures in the Journal of the Royal College it would seem because at that time there was no
of Physicians of London, including acupuncture, made satisfactory explanation as to the manner in which
the following two apposite comments concerning it might work.
the latter: (1) ‘needling trigger points is particu- In Part 2 attention is drawn to fundamental lab-
larly effective in the treatment of pain’; (2) oratory investigations into the phenomenon of
‘acupuncture is currently used in at least 84% of referred pain from musculoskeletal structures car-
pain clinics in the UK…’ ried out by J. H. Kellgren at University College
Apaucity of suitably funded research has been Hospital, London, in the late 1930s. In addition it
the principle hindrance to getting certain therapeut- is explained how these investigations prompted
ic procedures including acupuncture integrated many physicians during the 1940s, in particular
within the fabric of conventional medical practice. the late Janet Travell in America, to study the clin-
This has prompted Lesley Rees, Director of Edu- ical manifestations of this particular type of pain,
cation at the Royal College of Physicians of London and how, as a result of this, she came to recognize
and Andrew Weil, Professor of Medicine at the Uni- the importance of what she termed trigger points
versity of Arizona (Rees & Weil 2001), to emphasize as being the source of pain in many commonly
the need for the NHS research and development occurring musculoskeletal disorders.
directorate and the Medical Research Council to It is also shown how once it had been discover-
now help correct this unfortunate state of affairs. ed that it is possible to alleviate such pain by
The purpose of this book is to discuss the scien- injecting trigger points with a local anaesthetic or
tific aspects of acupuncture in general and trigger with one or other of a variety of different irritant
point acupuncture in particular and to show how substances, it was found that this could be accom-
this latter type of therapy can readily be used by plished even more simply, as well as more safely
doctors and physiotherapists in the treatment of and equally effectively, by means of the carrying
the myofascial pain and fibromyalgia syndromes. out of needle-evoked nerve stimulation at trigger
For those trained in the Western system of medi- point sites.
cine there are obvious advantages in using this Part 2 also contains a brief account of advances
particular method rather than the traditional in knowledge concerning the neurophysiology of
Chinese one, but clearly these advantages cannot pain during the 1960s and 1970s and describes the
be fully appreciated without knowing something various pain-modulating mechanisms now consid-
about the latter. This book is, therefore, divided into ered to be brought into action when acupuncture is
three parts with Part 1 containing a brief account carried out. In addition, it includes a discussion of
of traditional Chinese acupuncture. It also gives some of the difficulties so far encountered in scien-
reasons as to why doctors in Europe on first learn- tifically evaluating the pain-relieving efficacy of this
ing about this type of treatment in the 17th century particular type of therapy and in determining its
rejected it, and describes how certain 19th-century place relative to other forms of treatment in the alle-
European and American doctors, having put on viation of musculoskeletal pain.
one side what they considered to be unacceptable Part 3 is devoted to the practical applications of
Chinese concepts concerning this mode of therapy, trigger point acupuncture.
Prelims.qxd 13*10*04 14:30 Page xv
Introduction to the third edition xv
References
British Medical Acupuncture Society 1997 Acupuncture’s Lewith G T, Breen A, Filshie J, Fisher Pet al 2003
place within mainstream medicine. Acupuncture in Complementary medicine: evidence base, competence to
Medicine 15(2): 104–107 practice and regulation. Clinical Medicine (Journal of the
House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Royal College of Physicians of London) 3(3): 235–240
Technology 2000 6th report, Session 1999–2000. Rees L, Weil A2001 Integrated medicine. British Medical
Complementary and alternative medicine. Stationary Journal 322: 119–120
Office, London
Chap-01.qxd 11*10*04 10:11 Page 3
3
1
Chapter
Traditional Chinese acupuncture
The Chinese first carried out acupuncture, that
CHAPTER CONTENTS seemingly strange practice whereby needles are
inserted into people for therapeutic purposes, at
Ancient Chinese concepts concerning the
least 3000 years ago. News of this, however, did not
practice of acupuncture and moxibustion
reach the Western world until about 300 years ago
when European medical officers employed by the
Dutch East Indies Trading Company in and around
Java saw it being used there by the Japanese, and
when at about the same time Jesuit missionaries
came across it whilst endeavouring to convert the
Chinese to Christianity.
From their writings it is clear that both these
groups found the concepts upon which the Chinese
based their curious practice difficult to comprehend,
due to the fact that these appeared to be completely
at variance with what Europeans by that time had
come to know about the anatomy and physiology
of the human body. And it has been this inability
to reconcile the theoretical concepts put forward by
the Chinese in support of acupuncture with those
upon which modern scientific medicine is based
that has for so long been the cause of such little
interest being taken in it in the Western world.
During the past 30 years, however, attitudes towards
acupuncture in the West have been changing since
research into the mechanisms of pain has provided
a certain amount of insight as to how possibly it
achieves its effect on pain. These, as might be
expected, are entirely different from those origi-
nally put forward by the Chinese.
The prime purpose of this book is to describe a
recently developed method of practising acupunc-
ture in which dry needles are inserted into the tis-
sues overlying what have come to be known as