Active Knowledge Modeling of Enterprises PDF
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Active Knowledge Modeling of Enterprises Frank Lillehagen John Krogstie ● Active Knowledge Modeling of Enterprises Frank Lillehagen John Krogstie Active Knowledge Modeling - AKM NTNU P.O. Box 376 Sem Sælandsvei 7-9 1326 Lysaker 7030 Trondheim Norway Norway [email protected] [email protected] ISBN 978-3-540-79415-8 e-ISBN 978-3-540-79416-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008924868 ACM Computing Classification (1998): D.2, H.4, J.1 © 2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permissions for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: KünkelLopka GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Preamble This book addresses knowledge processing, product and process design, and systems engineering challenges, and solutions by applying Active Knowledge Modeling (AKM). Examples, directions, methods, and services are given to enable new ways of working, exploiting the AKM approach to enable effective c-Business, enterprise design and development, and life- cycle management. The purpose of the book is to make industry managers, engineers, and researchers aware of the possibilities that open up with AKM and accompanying execution platforms. Business people will better understand the new value constellations, partners delivering services to other partners, and the stronger dependencies making all actors customers and suppliers. People with different competences and skills will be able to exploit the most recent advances in IT, Knowledge and Communication technologies in industry as well as in research. The book covers the backgrounds of Enterprise Modeling, including the initial “war-room” thinking, and introduces bounded enterprise knowledge spaces, support for multidimensional thinking and modeling, and references to mental knowledge models. New aspects, such as the importance of cap- turing pragmatic logic, and the need for new forms of organization are emphasized. A brief history of modeling approaches and tools is provided including: CASE-tools, design structuring tools, process modeling tools, and diagramming tools to provide a link to existing approaches. The book looks ahead to development of Active Knowledge Architectures for effective collaboration and concurrent design, and to configuring Visual Scenes for proactive collaborative working and learning. Early efforts in AKM was attempted already in the early 1990s – where early versions of the approach was stretched to its limits through practical applications at manufacturing companies such as Volvo, Ford, Ericsson, and McDonnell-Douglas. The book has practical references to industrial use-cases, specifically from pilots in these sectors and application areas: (cid:120) Configurable Product Platforms for Collaborative Product and Process design (CPPD) in the Automotive industry, supporting holistic design, vi Preamble concurrent engineering, adaptable manufacturing, and sales support of mass-customized, multibrand families of car systems (cid:120) Use-case pilots from the ATHENA and MAPPER research projects illustrating the use of a model-configured collaboration space for Engineering Change Management. Configured workplaces for product design and supplier collaboration are deployed for commercial testing. This book is the result from the cooperation of the authors with a number of scientists and industrial practitioners over a long period of time. The core concepts of AKM, such as the knowledge spaces, were conceived at Volvo Cars around 1990, somewhat ahead of its time (and current technology). However, most of the challenges, many ideas, and needs were aggregating in Frank Lillehagen’s mental models as early as 1981, when he left his position as Research Manager at the Central Institute in Oslo to join a company he cofounded three years earlier. Frank then founded METIS in 1985, and was invited as tools provider to the Volvo Interactive Graphic Car project in 1989. For many years, he was the general manager responsible for market and product strategy, and business and organizational development. John Krogstie, with a background both from traditional modeling techniques in information systems and development of business integration solutions in industry, started working on these areas in detail when starting in SINTEF in 2000, working on applied and basic European and national research projects. Since 2000, the two authors have worked closely together in many national and EU founded R&D projects including: (cid:120) EXTERNAL – a STREP on process support environments for dynamic networked organizations (cid:120) VOSTER – a clustering project presenting state of the art on virtual enterprises and smart organizations (cid:120) UEML – a thematic network on most aspects of enterprise modeling (cid:120) IDEAS – a road-mapping project for Enterprise Interoperability (cid:120) ATHENA – a large Integrated Project for implementing Enterprise Interoperability (cid:120) MAPPER – a STREP, focusing Model-Configured User-Composed Platforms and Services, applied to car system testing, seat-heating design, and hybrid electronics design Although the book emphasizes certain domains through the cases that are presented, the material is of relevance for all industry sectors, companies in the ICT-sector, and for researchers and people who in the future will want to work closer together and base their working methods on work-centric Preamble vii and situated knowledge, exploiting the Web as a powerful knowledge- sharing medium. How to Read the Book The model (which is a view of a METIS model of the book) illustrates the structure of the book, and will be briefly described below (Fig. 1): Fig. 1. Structure of book (cid:120) In Chap. 1, “What is AKM Technology?,” we briefly present the main concepts and approaches of AKM. One of the main case studies that act as an appetizer and motivator for the rest of the book is presented. viii Preamble The next three chapters describe challenges in industrial computing and past and present approaches to address these. Those who are highly familiar with these areas may want to skip this part. (cid:120) In Chap. 2, “Customer Challenges and Demands,” we summarize industrial challenges that so far has poor or no IT support. (cid:120) In Chap. 3, “Industrial Evolution,” we discuss early approaches to AKM that were only partly successful due to limitations in approach and technology at the time. (cid:120) In Chap. 4, “State of the Art of Enterprise Modeling,” we particularly focus on state of the art in (enterprise) modeling, and indicate the many short-comings that still persist as seen from an industrial perspective. The next two chapters discuss the conceptual and technological foundations of the AKM approach and the main findings and concepts. (cid:120) In Chap. 5, “Enterprise Knowledge Architecture,” the core concepts of the Enterprise Knowledge Architecture (EKA) are presented. (cid:120) In Chap. 6, “Approaches to Enterprise Solutions,” we focus on different areas of enterprise information systems, and how these fail to address the challenges outlined in Chap. 2. The next part discusses the AIMS of AKM Technology: Approach, Infrastructure, Methodology, and Solutions, including cases of industrial applications of AKM-technology. (cid:120) In Chap. 7, “Introducing Active Knowledge Modeling in Industry,” we look at the high-level C3S3P approach for applying AKM- Technology. (cid:120) In Chap. 8, “Families of Platforms and Architectures,” the technical infrastructure and platform to support the AKM-approach are described. (cid:120) In Chap. 9, “Enterprise Design and Development,” CPPD, the AKM holistic design methodology, is presented in more detail. (cid:120) In Chap. 10, “Realizing the Knowledge Economy,” the potential impacts of using the approach in practical industrial and other types of projects are discussed. The final part looks at further developments, complimentary technologies, and impacts of the approach. (cid:120) In Chap. 11, “Towards Enterprise Visual Scenes,” we discuss how the AKM-approach compliments new computing technologies. In addition to more traditional interfaces, we look at the merger of industrial computing and computer-game technology as found e.g., in Second Life to provide richer model visualization. Preamble ix (cid:120) In Chap. 12, “Scientific Foundations of the AKM Technology,” scientific foundations are presented, referencing organizational develop- ment, psychology, pedagogy, systems engineering, design theory, process engineering, and knowledge management. (cid:120) In Chap. 13, “Enterprise Knowledge Spaces,” the main categories of enterprise knowledge spaces are presented. (cid:120) In Chap. 14, “Conclusion and Outlook,” we summarize the contributions of the AKM approach, pointing to future directions and opportunities. The book also contains references, an overview of the main terminology, and an index. Fig. 2. Possible reading order for those familiar with enterprise systems and modeling If you are familiar with enterprise modeling, enterprise IT approaches and solutions and current industrial challenges, but not with AKM, you may skip Chaps. 2–4 and 6, as illustrated in Fig. 2. x Preamble If you are somewhat familiar with AKM and would like to focus only on the essential contributions, you should focus on Chaps. 7–10 and 14 as illustrated in Fig. 3. Fig. 3. Core AKM contribution chapters If you want an overview, where AKM is one Model-based approach among many, you should look primarily in Chaps. 1–4, 6, and 14 as illustrated in Fig. 4. Fig. 4. Overview of enterprise systems and enterprise modeling Preamble xi Acknowledgments The AKM technology, its concepts and methods, is the result of a lot of work performed over a number of years in a number of different projects and initiatives. The authors have worked closely with and carry on working with a number of very knowledgeable people, many of whom have also provided feedback to the different parts of the book. Frank would like to pay tribute to his Autokon ship design team-mates, possibly developing the first parameterized product-structure model ever, his computer graphics pioneers from the Utah vintage years, his many friends and contacts Scandinavian and US industry from the METIS golden years, 1989–1994, including leading scientists and industrial practitioners, and finally his hundreds of friends and foes in international R&D. We would like to extend special thanks to Frank’s AKM cofounders CKO Dag R. Karlsen and CTO Håvard D. Jørgensen. Without their contributions this book would not have contained its use-case and AKM illustrations. Chapters 5, 9, and 13, in particular, are based on methodology handbooks coauthored by the AKM team, where Jørgensen and Karlsen were the prime authors. In connection to the work leading up to and the preparation of the manuscript, we acknowledge the contributions of Sobah Abbas Petersen, Steinar Carlsen, Helge Grenaker Solheim, Arne Sølvberg, Guttorm Sindre, Csaba Veres, Brian Elvesæter, Arne Jørgen Berre, Oddrun Ohren, Svein Johnsen, Heidi Brovold, Vibeke Dalberg, Siri Moe Jensen, Per Høgberg, Lennart Holmberg, Jan Goosenaerts, Kurt Sandkuhl, Jörg Haake, Adam Pawlak, Thomas Knothe, Kai Mertens, Andreas Opdahl, Birgit Krogstie, Kurt Kosanke, Martin Zelm, Francois Vernadat, Jack Ring, James N. Martin, Christine Legner, Baptiste Lebreton, Hans Johanneson, Christopher Dean, and numerous others. So, to all of you new readers and followers, we look forward to getting to know you! Remember the advert saying: “You are what you eat!” Well we think: “You are who you meet!” is much closer to the truth! Thank you all!
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