Active Electrical Distribution Network: Issues, Solution Techniques, and Applications PDF
Preview Active Electrical Distribution Network: Issues, Solution Techniques, and Applications
ACTIVE ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ACTIVE ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORK Issues, Solution Techniques, and Applications Edited by SANJEEVIKUMAR PADMANABAN DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering,KPR InstituteofEngineeringandTechnology,Tamilnadu,India BASEEM KHAN Department of Electricaland ComputerEngineering, Faculty of ElectricalEngineering,Institute of Technology, HawassaUniversity, Ethiopia OM PRAKASH MAHELA Power System Planning Division,Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited, Jaipur, India HASSAN HAES ALHELOU Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria S. RAJKUMAR DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,Facultyof Manufacturing,InstituteofTechnology,HawassaUniversity, Ethiopia AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2022ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic ormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem, withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowtoseekpermission,further informationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuch astheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite: www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythe Publisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperience broadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedical treatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluating andusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuch informationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafetyofothers,including partiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assume anyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability, negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructions,orideas containedinthematerialherein. ISBN978-0-323-85169-5 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:CharlotteCockle AcquisitionsEditor:LisaReading EditorialProjectManager:MichelleFisher ProductionProjectManager:NirmalaArumugam CoverDesigner:GregHarris TypesetbySTRAIVE,India Contributors DessalegnBitewAeggegn SchoolofElectricalandComputerEngineering,DebreMarkosUniversity,DebreMarkos, Ethiopia TakeleFeredeAgajie DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering,UniversityofBuea,Buea,Cameroon; DebreMarkosUniversity,DebreMarkos;HawassaUniversity,Hawassa,Ethiopia ZiadM.Ali CollegeofEngineeringatWadiAddawasir,PrinceSattamBinAbdulazizUniversity, WadiAddawasir,SaudiArabia YayehyiradAyalewAwoke SchoolofElectricalandComputerEngineering,DebreMarkosUniversity,DebreMarkos, Ethiopia;DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering,UniversityofBuea,Buea, Cameroon MulusewAyalew DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,HawassaUniversity,Hawassa, Ethiopia I.Baranilingesan RenewableEnergyLab,DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering,KPR InstituteofEngineeringandTechnology,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India R.Bharathwaaj DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,KPRInstituteofEngineeringandTechnology, Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India GajendraSinghChawda DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,IITJodhpur,Jodhpur,India V.KumarChinnaiyan RenewableEnergyLab,DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering,KPR InstituteofEngineeringandTechnology,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India EmenikeC.Ejiogu LaboratoryofIndustrialElectronics,PowerDevicesandNewEnergySystems;AfricaCentre ofExcellenceforSustainablePowerandEnergyDevelopment,UniversityofNigeria, Nsukka,Nigeria MkpamdiEke DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofNigeria,Nsukka,Nigeria RagabA.El-Sehiemy KafrelsheikhUniversity,Kafrelsheikh,Egypt xiii xiv Contributors AhmadEsmaeili PowerSystemsOperationandPlanningResearchDepartment,NirooResearchInstitute, Tehran,Iran MesfinFanuel DebreMarkosUniversity,DebreMarkos;HawassaUniversity,Hawassa,Ethiopia DamotGebregziabher DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,HawassaUniversity,Hawassa, Ethiopia JosepM.Guerrero TheVillumCenterforResearchonMicrogrids(AAUCROM),AalborgUniversity, Aalborg,Denmark IssaiasGideyHagos DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering;InstituteofTechnology,Hawassa University,Hawassa,Ethiopia AmoussouIsaac DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering,UniversityofBuea,Buea,Cameroon SalahKamel DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,AswanUniversity,Aswan,Egypt J.Karpagam RenewableEnergyLab,DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering,KPR InstituteofEngineeringandTechnology,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India AlagarKarthick RenewableEnergyLab,DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering,KPR InstituteofEngineeringandTechnology,Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India OlaKhaddam ElectricalPowerEngineering,TishreenUniversity,Latakia,Syria BaseemKhan DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering;InstituteofTechnology,Hawassa University,Hawassa,Ethiopia AshishKumar DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,NITHamirpur,Hamirpur,India PankajKumar DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,RTUKota,Kota,India RavitaLamba DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,MalaviyaNationalInstituteofTechnologyJaipur, Jaipur,India ChikaMaduabuchi DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofNigeria,Nsukka,Nigeria Contributors xv OmPrakashMahela PowerSystemPlanningDivision,RajasthanRajyaVidyutPrasaranNigamLtd.,Jaipur, Rajasthan,India RamNiwashMahia DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,NITHamirpur,Hamirpur,India AbbasMarini PowerSystemsOperationandPlanningResearchDepartment,NirooResearchInstitute, Tehran,Iran V.Mohanavel CentreforMaterialsEngineeringandRegenerativeMedicine,BharathInstituteofHigher EducationandResearch,Chennai,TamilNadu,India HowardO.Njoku AppliedRenewableandSustainableEnergyResearchGroup,Departmentof MechanicalEngineering,UniversityofNigeria,Nsukka,Nigeria;Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa ChigboguOzoegwu DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofNigeria,Nsukka,Nigeria S.Rajkumar DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FacultyofManufacturing,Instituteof Technology,HawassaUniversity,Hawassa,Ethiopia AbdelhadyRamadan DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,AswanUniversity,Aswan,Egypt ManickamRavichandran DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,K.RamakrishnanCollegeofEngineering, Trichy,TamilNadu,India T.Sakthi DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,NationalEngineeringCollege,Kovilpatti, TamilNadu,India MortezaShabanzadeh PowerSystemsOperationandPlanningResearchDepartment,NirooResearchInstitute, Tehran,Iran AvdheshSharma DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,FacultyofEngineeringandArchitecture,Jai NarainVyasUniversity,Jodhpur,Rajasthan,India SurendraSingh DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,FacultyofEngineeringandArchitecture,Jai NarainVyasUniversity,Jodhpur,Rajasthan,India VishwajeetKumarSinha DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,NITHamirpur,Hamirpur,India xvi Contributors EndeshawSolomon DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering;InstituteofTechnology,Hawassa University,Hawassa,Ethiopia S.Vasanthaseelan DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,KPRInstituteofEngineeringandTechnology, Coimbatore,TamilNadu,India CHAPTER 1 Electrical distribution network: An introduction Baseem Khan DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,HawassaUniversity,Hawassa,Ethiopia Contents 1. Introduction 3 2. History 4 3. Structureofpowerdistributionnetwork 5 3.1 Distributionsystemcomponents 5 4. Classificationofdistributionnetwork 7 4.1 Typeofnatureofcurrent 7 4.2 Basedonthetypesofconnection 9 5. Featuresofidealdistributionsystem 11 5.1 Propervoltage 12 5.2 Energyavailabilityondemand 12 5.3 Reliablesupply 12 6. Designrequirements 12 6.1 Feeders 12 6.2 Distributors 13 6.3 Earthing 13 7. Conclusion 13 References 14 1 Introduction Distribution carries energy from the transmission point and supplies it to users. It is the last step in the supply of electricity. Low-voltage substations (distributionsubstations)linktothetransmissionlinesthroughtransformers and lower the voltage of the transmission to a medium level, which ranges from2to35kV.Fig.1showsacircuitdiagramoftheelectricalpowersystem [1,2]. The primary goal of distribution is to supply energy to customers after obtaining large amounts of power through a transmission substation. Pri- mary and secondary (customer) substations are the two main types of ActiveElectricalDistributionNetwork Copyright©2022ElsevierInc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85169-5.00016-2 Allrightsreserved. 3 4 Activeelectricaldistributionnetwork Primary Distribution Central Primary Receiving Secondary Sub-station Station Transmission Station Transmission 440/230V Consumer’s connection G RS SS TraSntespfo-urmper TSrtaenps-fDoormwenr TSrtaenps-fDoormwenr TDraisntrsibfourtmioenr 11/132kV 132/11kV 33/3.3kV 3.3kV Secondary Distribution Fig.1 Electricalpowersystem. distribution substations. The customer substation communicates with the low-voltage (LV) network, whereas the major substation serves as a load center. A customer substation is a distribution room that is often provided by the client. The transformer and a number of high-voltage switchgear panelscanbeaccommodatedinthedistributionroomtopermitLVconnec- tion to the customer’s incoming switchboard [3]. Transmission and distribution meet at a power substation, which has manyfunctions.Thetransmissiongridcanbedisconnectedfromthesubsta- tion, and distribution lines can be terminated with circuit breakers and switches. Transformers convert high-voltage transmission lines (35kV or more)tolow-voltagemaindistributionlines.Thisisamedium-voltageline withavoltagerangeof600–35,000V.Thetransformerdeliverselectricityto thebus-bar,whichcandividethepowerfordistributioninmanyways.The bus transports energy to distribution lines,which subsequently deliver itto customers [4]. The distribution network might take the shape of overhead wires or underground cables, depending on the geographical area. In metropolitan areas, cables are often employed, but in rural regions, overhead lines are used. In order to meet the required supply reliability, various network designs are conceivable. To ensure that the distribution network runs smoothly, protection, control, and monitoring equipment is installed. 2 History Whenelectricitybegantobecreatedatpowerstationsinthe1880s,electric powerdistributionbecamenecessary.Previously,powerwastypicallygen- erated onsite. The first power distribution systems built in European and Americantownswerewith arclighting(approximately3000V)alternating current(AC)ordirectcurrent(DC)andincandescentlighting(100V)DC.
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