ACSM's Advanced Exercise Physiology (American College of Sports Med)

737 Pages·2011·29.57 MB·English

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ACSM’s Advanced
Exercise Physiology
Second Edition
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Second Edition
Copyright © 2012 American College of Sports Medicine
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ACSM’s advanced exercise physiology. — 2nd ed.
p. ; cm.
Advanced exercise physiology / editors, Peter A. Farrell, Michael Joyner, Vincent Caiozzo.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7817-9780-1 (alk. paper)
1. Exercise—Physiological aspects. I. Farrell, Peter A. II. Joyner, Michael J. III. Caiozzo, Vincent. IV. American
College of Sports Medicine. V. Title: Advanced exercise physiology / editors, Peter A. Farrell, Michael Joyner,
Vincent Caiozzo.
[DNLM: 1. Exercise—physiology. WE 103]
QP309.A83 2012
612’.044—dc23
2011023733
DISCLAIMER
Care has been taken to confi rm the accuracy of the information present and to describe generally accepted
practices. However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any con-
sequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with
respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. Application of this informa-
tion in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner; the clinical treatments
described and recommended may not be considered absolute and universal recommendations.
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EDITORS
Peter A. Farrell, PhD, FACSM
Department of Kinesiology
East Carolina University
Greenville, NC
Michael J. Joyner, MD, FACSM
Department of Anesthesiology
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, MN
Vincent J. Caiozzo, PhD, FACSM
Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and
Physiology and Biophysics
College of Medicine
University of California
Irvine, CA
iii
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PREFACE
Exercise physiology is similar to other disciplines that The chapters provide an in-depth summary of how each
have matured not only through an exponential expan- system functions and is regulated during the physiologi-
sion of the literature but also in the need for researchers cal stress of exercise. Our goal in this second edition was
to specialize in particular systems or functions. This need to take advantage of the fact that all of the authors are the
to specialize, however, poses a fundamental challenge in scientists that a graduate student should seek out when
the education of the next generation of exercise physiolo- they have a need for detailed information and understand-
gists: there remains a need for an advanced understanding ing in the various areas. We have anticipated those needs
of all systems because of the simple fact that each of the and have reorganized the chapters so that the major points
body systems interacts with and, in many cases, regulates have been highlighted and presented in terms that a typi-
other systems. It seems quite unlikely that even talented cal graduate/upper-level undergraduate student in exercise
younger students could read a journal article about specif- physiology could comprehend.
ics of frequency modulation of motor units and come away
with a satisfying understanding of data being presented in
Organization
a primary literature paper.
The American College of Sports Medicine’s (ACSM’s)
Advanced Exercise Physiology, Second Edition, bridges the gap Students normally seek graduate programs whose fac-
between that basic understanding of physiology during ulty has expertise in specifi c areas of exercise physiology.
exercise (knowledge gained in an introductory course on Unfortunately, most graduate programs do not have suf-
exercise physiology) and information presented through fi cient breadth of faculty expertise to teach all the areas
the primary literature in high-quality journals. The chap- included in this textbook. Information in all chapters is
ters are written by authorities in most of the major areas at a level that, once understood, will assure that students
of investigation in exercise physiology, and the content in possess up-to-date, coherent, and accurate information at
this edition has been updated to include the latest facts an advanced level.
and concepts available to authorities in the fi eld. Each This second edition of Advanced Exercise Physiology has
chapter presents a detailed summary of facts and solidi- been reorganized so that each chapter is presented in a simi-
fying concepts necessary for students to embrace before lar manner, which makes the information fl ow more com-
they can understand the specifi cs in the primary literature. prehensibly for students. Though the chapters continue to
v
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vi Preface
center on specifi c topics, the second edition cross-references The fi nal section of the book centers on how environ-
points made that involve concepts/facts pertinent to more mental factors infl uence many of the regulatory mecha-
than one chapter. This approach emphasizes the fundamen- nisms discussed in the previous chapters. Separate chapters
tal appreciation that no physiological system functions in discuss heat, cold, hypoxia, hyperbaria, and exercise in
isolation especially during exercise. space. Chapter 27 is quite futuristic in nature; it covers
ACSM’s Advanced Exercise Physiology, Second Edition, exercise genomics and proteomics from the perspective of
begins with an introductory chapter on the history of exer- how modern techniques can be used to better understand
cise physiology that provides excellent insights into how how exercise alters gene expression and more.
the science of exercise physiology developed through a
combination of medicine and, at fi rst, preparation for war
Features
or fi ghting and then physical performance in the Olympics
and international competitions. Subsequent chapters dis-
cuss specifi c systems such as nervous system control of New additions to the chapters include Key Points, which
movement, muscle architecture, force generation, and, highlight the most important concepts or facts, and section
when these processes fail, the fatigue process. Perhaps the Summaries, which provide brief synopses of key sections.
most extensive single chapter is Chapter 8, “The Respi- We also include Test Yourself questions, which appear
ratory System,” which presents a detailed description of throughout the chapters and will require students to use
respiratory function and the known causes for increased critical thinking skills to discuss hypotheses and how the
ventilation during exercise, as well as other aspects of lung information they have learned relates to practical appli-
function. Extensive coverage of the cardiovascular system is cations. We are hopeful these questions also will help to
provided in three chapters (C hapters 9–11) that discuss the stimulate class or group discussions.
structure of the cardiovascular system, heart function, and
circulatory control at the level of the microcirculation. Additional Resources
An extensive section on metabolism begins with a
ACSM’s Advanced Exercise Physiology, Second Edition, includes
review of how the gastrointestinal system functions to
additional resources for both instructors and students that
deliver nutrients before, during, and after exercise and
are available on the book’s companion website at http://
its role in maintaining acid–base, electrolyte, and water
thepoint.lww.com/ACSMAdvExPhys2e.
balance during exercise (Chapter 12). Because of the im-
portance of providing fuels during exercise, six chapters
Instructors
(Chapters 13–18) are devoted to carbohydrate, fat, and pro-
tein metabolism during exercise and in response to regu- • Image bank
lar exercise training. Chapter 19, “The Endocrine System: • PowerPoint lecture outlines
Integrated Infl uences on Metabolism, Growth, and Repro- • WebCT/Blackboard/Angel LMS cartridge
duction,” provides coverage of many hormonal regulators
that control several systems described in other chapters, Students
as well as exercise metabolism. An additional strength
• Full text online
of this chapter is the coverage of endocrine changes that
• Interactive quiz bank
alter reproductive function, with a primary, but not ex-
• Animations
clusive, emphasis on women. The chapter on immunol-
ogy provides the latest information on how the immune In addition, purchasers of the text can access the
system responds to exercise and equally important how searchable full text through the book’s website. See the
the immune system interacts with exercise metabolism. front inside cover of this text for more details and include
This chapter also reviews literature supporting the con- the passcode to gain access to the website.
cept of muscle being an endocrine organ. This section of
the book culminates with a discussion on body fl uid con- Peter Farrell
trol mechanisms during exercise and includes the renal Mike Joyner
system (Chapters 20–22). Vince Caiozzo
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CONTRIBUTORS
Charles Tipton, PhD Gregory R. Wohl, PhD, PEng
Department of Physiology Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Arizona McMaster University
Tucson, AZ Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Chapter 1 Chapter 3
V. Reggie Edgerton, PhD Jeremy M. LaMothe, MD, PhD
Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology Department of Surgery
Department of Neurobiology University of Calgary
Brain Research Institute Calgary, Alberta, Canada
University of California, Los Angeles Chapter 3
Los Angeles, CA
Chapter 2 Vincent J. Caiozzo, PhD
Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology
Roland R. Roy, PhD, FACSM and Biophysics
Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology College of Medicine
Brain Research Institute University of California
University of California, Los Angeles Irvine, CA
Los Angeles, CA Chapter 4
Chapter 2
Richard Tsika, PhD
Ronald F. Zernicke, PhD, DSc, FACSM Department of Biomedical Sciences
School of Kinesiology University of Missouri
Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Columbia, MO
Engineering Chapter 5
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, MI
Chapter 3
vii
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viii Contributors
Robert H. Fitts, PhD David A. Brown, PhD
Department of Biological Sciences Department of Physiology
Marquette University East Carolina University
Milwaukee, WI Greenville, NC
Chapter 6 Chapter 10
Douglas R. Seals, PhD Steven S. Segal, PhD, FACSM
Department of Integrative Physiology Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology
University of Colorado at Boulder University of Missouri–Columbia
Boulder, CO Columbia, MO
Chapter 7 Chapter 11
Lee M. Romer, PhD, FACSM
Shawn E. Bearden, PhD, FAHA
Reader (Human and Applied Physiology)
Department of Biological Sciences
Centre for Sports Medicine and Human Performance
Biomedical Research Institute
Brunel University
Idaho State University
Uxbridge Middlesex, UK
Pocatello, ID
Chapter 8
Chapter 11
A. William Sheel, PhD
G. Patrick Lambert, PhD
School of Human Kinetics
Department of Exercise Science
University of British Columbia
Creighton University
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Omaha, NE
Chapter 8
Chapter 12
Craig A. Harms, PhD, FACSM
Xiaocai Shi, PhD, FACSM
Department of Kinesiology
Gatorade Sports Science Institute
Kansas State University
Barrington, IL
Manhattan, KS
Chapter 12
Chapter 8
Donal S. O’Leary, PhD Robert Murray, PhD, FACSM
Department of Physiology Sports Science Insights, LLC
Wayne State University Crystal Lake, IL
School of Medicine Chapter 12
Detroit, MI
Chapter 9 Ronald A. Meyer, PhD
Departments of Physiology and Radiology
Patrick J. Mueller, PhD Michigan State University
Department of Physiology East Lansing, MI
Wayne State University School of Medicine Chapter 13
Detroit, MI
Chapter 9 Robert W. Wiseman, PhD
Departments of Physiology and Radiology
Javier A. Sala-Mercado, MD, PhD Michigan State University
Department of Physiology East Lansing, MI
Cardiovascular Research Institute Chapter 13
Wayne State University, School of Medicine
Detroit, MI
Mark Hargreaves, PhD
Chapter 9
Department of Physiology
University of Melbourne
Russell L. Moore, PhD
Melbourne, Australia
Department of Integrative Physiology
Chapter 14
University of Colorado at Boulder
Boulder, CO
Chapter 10
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