ACL Injuries in the Female Athlete: Causes, Impacts, and Conditioning Programs PDF
Preview ACL Injuries in the Female Athlete: Causes, Impacts, and Conditioning Programs
ACL Injuries in the Female Athlete Causes, Impacts, and Conditioning Programs Frank R. Noyes Sue Barber-Westin Editors Second Edition 123 ACL Injuries in the Female Athlete Frank R. Noyes • Sue Barber-Westin Editors ACL Injuries in the Female Athlete Causes, Impacts, and Conditioning Programs Second Edition Editors Frank R. Noyes Sue Barber-Westin Cincinnati Sportsmedicine Cincinnati Sportsmedicine Research and and Orthopaedic Center Education Foundation Cincinnati Cincinnati Ohio Ohio USA USA ISBN 978-3-662-56557-5 ISBN 978-3-662-56558-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-56558-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018949602 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: Heidelberger Platz 3, 14197 Berlin, Germany Preface This second edition of ACL Injuries in the Female Athlete: Causes, Impacts, and Conditioning Programs represents a significant update of all of the issues pertaining to the dilemma of the gender disparity in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, first noted nearly 25 years ago. This textbook was designed to compile the many different approaches taken by clinicians and scientists regarding the female ACL injury problem. Our goal is to highlight the find- ings and current viewpoints of some of the individuals actively involved in this area of research. We are grateful to the guest authors, many of whom have published extensively on this topic, for their contributions to this effort. In 1999, the first neuromuscular training program developed at Cincinnati Sports Medicine by Frank Noyes, M.D., and colleagues was published that reduced the incidence of ACL injuries in female high school athletes [1]. Researchers from around the world were soon involved in studying risk fac- tors hypothesized to cause the ACL injury gender disparity, and similar train- ing programs were developed in an attempt to reduce the incidence of noncontact ACL injuries. At the time of writing (July 2018), nearly 600 origi- nal research investigations and 100 reviews had been published that focused on ACL injuries in the female athlete. A recent Google search of “ACL Injury Prevention Training” revealed over one million hits, highlighting the popular- ity of this topic. Having been at the forefront of this research topic, the editors find it refreshing to see the amount of intellectual energy and dollars that have been devoted to this area. In fact, multiple “ACL research retreats” (occurred in 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2015) and consensus state- ments from organizations such as the International Olympic Committee [2] and the American Academy of Pediatrics [3] demonstrate the attention and emphasis the female athlete ACL injury dilemma has received throughout the world. Our nonprofit research foundation has certified over 2017 individuals across the USA and abroad to conduct neuromuscular ACL injury prevention programs in their communities. As shown in this textbook, the majority of investigators have studied the causative factors producing the gender disparity in ACL injuries. Debate con- tinues regarding the problem of deciphering the most relevant risk factors, and in fact, there remain questions on the exact mechanisms of this injury. Unfortunately, not everyone has jumped on the bandwagon regarding ACL injury prevention training. There remains a tremendous need and responsibil- ity of medical health professionals to educate those involved with female v vi Preface athletes of the devastating consequences of ACL injuries and the need to pre- vent them. One potential solution to the “coach-not-interested” problem is to provide training programs that both enhance athletic performance and reduce the incidence of ACL injuries. This textbook describes programs designed for high-risk sports such as soccer and basketball that have accomplished both of these goals. Another area still under investigation is the development of simple field tests to detect athletes with neuromuscular problems and imbalances that require correction. While laboratory work must continue using the most advanced three-dimensional motion, forceplate, electromyographic, and other equipment available, realistic and cost-effective tests are required. These could be incorporated into preseason physicals done by physicians or conducted by coaches as part of their athlete testing regimen. Several such field tests are detailed in this book. It is our hope that someday ACL injury prevention training will truly be widespread and perhaps even a part of routine physical education classes at schools. Only through widespread use of prevention training will the female ACL injury problem be solved or at least significantly reduced. Until then, it remains the responsibility of those clinicians and scientists involved to con- tinue their efforts to educate the general public and conduct research in the areas of risk factors, risk screening, and prevention programs. In recent years, an even more pressing problem is the high rate of second ACL tears in athletes in the operative or opposite knee after an ACL recon- struction. Repeat ACL injuries have been reported to occur in as high as 30% of athletes [4, 5]. This is an enormous problem that needs research and devel- opment of postoperative programs that include neuromuscular training such as Sportsmetrics before an athlete returns to sports. In addition, the use of strict return to sport testing parameters, as detailed by the authors in this book, is required to objectively determine that neuromuscular, strength, and agility indices are in the normal to near normal range. It remains the respon- sibility of the surgeon and team of physical therapists and trainers treating athletes to adopt effective postoperative programs that combine all of the fea- tures of ACL preventive programs to lessen the risk of a serious repeat knee injury. Cincinnati, OH Frank R. Noyes Cincinnati, OH Sue Barber-Westin References 1. Hewett TE, Lindenfeld TN, Riccobene JV, Noyes FR (1999) The effect of neuromuscu- lar training on the incidence of knee injury in female athletes. A prospective study. Am J Sports Med 27(6):699–706 2. Ardern CL, Ekas G, Grindem H, Moksnes H, Anderson AF, Chotel F, Cohen M, Forssblad M, Ganley TJ, Feller JA, Karlsson J, Kocher MS, LaPrade RF, McNamee M, Mandelbaum B, Micheli L, Mohtadi NGH, Reider B, Roe JP, Seil R, Siebold R, Silvers-Granelli HJ, Soligard T, Witvrouw E, Engebretsen L (2018) 2018 Preface vii International Olympic Committee Consensus Statement on Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Pediatric Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries. Orthop J Sports Med 6(3):2325967118759953. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967118759953 3. LaBella CR, Hennrikus W, Hewett TE; Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness, and Section on Orthopaedics (2014) Anterior cruciate ligament injuries: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Pediatrics. 133(5):e1437–1450. https://doi.org/10.1542/ peds.2014-0623 4. Dekker TJ, Godin JA, Dale KM, Garrett WE, Taylor DC, Riboh JC (2017) Return to sport after pediatric anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and its effect on sub- sequent anterior cruciate ligament injury. J Bone Joint Surg Am 99(11):897–904. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.16.00758 5. Salmon LJ, Heath E, Akrawi H, Roe JP, Linklater J, Pinczewski LA (2018) 20-Year out- comes of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring tendon autograft: the catastrophic effect of age and posterior tibial slope. Am J Sports Med 46(3):531–543. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546517741497 Acronyms ACL Anterior cruciate ligament ACL-RSI ACL-Return to Sports After Injury scale AE Athlete exposure JPS Active joint position sense AM Anteromedial AMI Arthrogenic muscle inhibition ANOVA Analysis of variance AP Anteroposterior BMD Bone mineral density BMI Body mass index B-PT-B Bone-patellar tendon-bone BSSTM Behavioral and social science theories and models BW Body weight CD Compact disc CEA Center-edge angle CKC Closed kinetic chain CNS Central nervous system cm Centimeters COF Coefficient of friction COM Center of mass COP Center of pressure COMP Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein CRI Concussion Resolution Index DEXA Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry DPSI Dynamic postural stability index EMG Electromyographic or electromyography EMS Electrical muscle stimulation ER External rotation FAI Femoral acetabular impingement FAST-FP Functional Agility Short-Term Fatigue Protocol FIFA Federation Internationale de Football Association FLE:EXT R Absolute flexion force to absolute extension force ratio FMS Functional Movement System FPPA Frontal plane projection angle FT Fast twitch FTA Functional testing algorithm ix x Acronyms GAG Glycosaminoglycans GMAX Gluteus maximus GMED Gluteus medius GRF Ground reaction force GRFV Ground reaction force vector rGRFV Resultant ground reaction force vector GTO Golgi tendon organs HBM Health Belief Model HHD Hand-held dynamometry H:Q Hamstrings:quadriceps IC Initial contact ICC Intraclass correlation coefficients IEMG Integrated electromyography IKDC International Knee Documentations Committee ImPACT Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing IR Internal rotation or incidence rates IR/ER Internal rotation/external rotation ITB Iliotibial band JPS Joint position sense KIPP Knee Injury Prevention Program kg Kilograms KLIP Knee Ligament Injury Prevention KT and KT-2000 Knee arthrometer LESS Landing Error Scoring System M Meters MAOT Muscle activation onset time min Minutes MMPs Metalloproteinases MMT Manual muscle testing mo Month MRI Magnetic resonance imaging MSFT Multi-stage fitness test ms Milliseconds MVC Maximal voluntary contraction MVE Maximal voluntary excursions NCAA National Collegiate Athletic Association NFL National Football League N Newton NA Not available Nm Newton meters NS Not significant (statistically) OA Osteoarthritis OKC Open kinetic chain OR Odds ratio PA Posteroanterior pEKAbM Peak external knee abduction moment PEP Prevent Injury and Enhance Performance Acronyms xi PL Posterolateral PCL Posterior cruciate ligament pTIRM Peak tibial internal rotation moment PTP Preventive training program PTOA Post-traumatic osteoarthritis QH Quadriceps-hamstrings RE-AIM Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance RE-AIM SSM Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance in a Sports Setting Matrix RFD Rate of force development RM Repetition max RR Relative risk ROM Range of motion RTP Return to play RTS Return to sport s Seconds SEBT Star Excursion Balance Test SEPs Somatosensory evoked potentials SLO-FP Slow Linear Oxidative Fatigue Protocol SPECT Single-photon emission computed tomography ST Slow twitch StAART Strategic Assessment of Risk and Risk Tolerance STG Semitendinosus-gracilis TIMP Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases TDPM and TTDPM Threshold for detection of passive motion TLS Total leg strength TRIPP Translating Research into Injury Prevention Practice TSK Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia TTDPM Threshold to detect passive motion US United States vGRF Vertical ground reaction force VMO Vastus medialis oblique VOmax Maximal oxygen uptake 2 VPAC Volitional preemptive abdominal contraction VSRP Velocity spectrum rehabilitation protocols WIPP Warm-up for Injury Prevention and Performance wk Week x Times yr Year 3-D 3 Dimensional 2-D 2 Dimensional
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