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Acidic Precipitation: Case Studies PDF

320 Pages·1989·11.959 MB·English
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Advances in Environmental Science D.C. Adriano and W. Saiomons, Editors Editorial Board: Series Editors: D.C. Adriano W. Salomons University of Georgia's Savannah Delft Hydraulics Laboratory River Ecology Laboratory Institute for Soil Fertility Aiken, South Carolina 29801 NL-9750 RA Haren (GR) USA The Netherlands D.C. Adriano, Coordinating Editor Associate Editors: B.L. Bayne, Institute for Marine Environmental Research, Plymouth PLl 3DH UK M. Chino, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113, Japan AA Elseewi, Southern California Edison, Rosemead, CA 91770, USA M. Firestone, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA U. Forstner, Technical University of Hamburg-Harburg, 2100 Hamburg 90, Federal Republic of Germany B.T. Hart, Chisholm Institute of Technology, Victoria 3145, Australia T.C. Hutchinson, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 1A4, Canada S.E. Lindberg, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA M.R. Overcash, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27650, USA AL. Page, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA Acidic Precipitation Volume 1 Case Studies Edited by D.C. Adriano and M. Havas Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Volume Editors: D.C. Adriano M. Havas Savannah River Ecology Laboratory Institute of Environmental Studies University of Georgia University of Toronto Aiken, SC 29801 Toronto M5S lA4 USA Canada Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Acidic precipitation 1 volume editors, D.C. Adriano and M. Havas. p. cm.-(Advances in environmental science) Bibliography: v. I, p. Includes index. Contents: -v. 1. Case studies. 1. Acidic deposition-Environmental aspects-Case studies. I. Adriano, D.C. II. Havas, M. III. Series. TD196.A25A26 1989 363.7'386-dcI9 88-37418 Printed on acid-free paper © 1989 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1989 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc. in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Typeset by McFarland Graphics. 9 8 7 6 5 432 1 ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-8179-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-3616-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4612-3616-0 Preface to the Series In 1986, my colleague Prof. Dr. W. Salomons of the Institute for Soil Fertility of the Netherlands and I launched the new Advances in Environmental Science with Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. Immediately, we were faced with a task of what topics to cover. Our strategy was to adopt a thematic approach to address hotly debated contemporary environmental issues. After consulting with numerous colleagues from Western Europe and North America, we decided to address Acidic Precipitation, which we view as one of the most controversial issues today. This is the subject of the first five volumes of the new series. which cover relationships among emissions, deposition, and biological and ecological effects of acidic constituents. International experts from Canada, the United States, Western Europe, as well as from several industrialized countries in other regions, have generously contributed to this subseries, which is grouped into the following five volumes: Volume 1 Case Studies (D.C. Adriano and M. Havas, editors) Volume 2 Biological and Ecological Effects (D.C. Adriano and A.H. Johnson, editors) Volume 3 Sources, Depositions, and Canopy Interactions (S.E. Lindberg, A.L. Page, and S.A. Norton, editors) Volume 4 Soils, Aquatic Processes, and Lake Acidijication (S.A. Norton, S.E. Lindberg, and A.L. Page, editors) Volume 5 International Overview and Assessment (T. Bresser and W. Salomons, editors) From the vast amount of consequential information discussed in this series, it will become apparent that acidic deposition should be seriously addressed by many countries of the world, in as much as severe damages have already been inflicted on numerous ecosystems. Furthermore, acidic constituents have also been shown to affect the integrity of structures of great historical values in various places of the world. Thus, it is hoped that this up-to-date subseries would increase the VI Series Preface "awareness" of the world's citizens and encourage governments to devote more attention and resources to address this issue. The series editors thank the international panel of contributors for bringing this timely series into completion. We also wish to acknowledge the very insightful input of the following colleagues: Prof. A.L. Page of the University of California, Prof. T.C. Hutchinson of the University of Toronto, and Dr. Steve Lindberg of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. We also wish to thank the superb effort and cooperation of the volume editors in handling their respective volumes. The constructive criticisms of chapter review ers also deserve much appreciation. Finally, we wish to convey our appreciation to my secretary, Ms. Brenda Rosier, and my technician, Ms. Claire Carlson, for their very able assistance in various aspects of this series. Aiken, South Carolina Domy C. Adriano Coordinating Editor Preface to Acidic Precipitation, Volume 1 (Advances in Environmental Science) As a result of pioneering research in the 1960s and because of the perceived and real environmental effects described during the ensuing years, the terms acidic rain, acidic deposition, or acidic precipitation have become commonplace in the scientific and popular literature. In the last decade, governments throughout the world have responded to public pressure and to the concerns of the scientific community by establishing research programs on national and international scales. These programs have been designed to enhance our understanding of the important links between atmospheric emissions and their potential environmental effects in both industrialized and developing nations. Acidic precipitation was studied initially because of its effects on aquatic systems. However, because reports from Western Europe in the early 1980s suggested a link with forest decline, acidic precipitation is now considered a potential environmental stress in terrestrial systems as well as in aquatic systems. Most recently, scientists viewed acidic precipitation as part of a larger "global change" issue along with other issues such as warming climate, increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and atmo spheric ozone depletion. As has been the case with many environmental issues of the twentieth century, acidic precipitation has its origin in emissions to the atmosphere of numerous compounds from both natural and man-made sources. This volume of the subseries Acidic Precipitation emphasizes some of the classical interactions between acidic deposition and ecological effects. It covers the cycling, behavior, and effects of acidic components in nature. Included are the effects of acidic deposition on soil chemistry, soil solution chemistry, aquatic chemistry, forest productivity, and fish populations. Several major ecological consequences, such as a decline in forest productivity, soil and water acidification, depletion of fish populations, and slower litter decomposition are highlighted. A whole chapter is devoted to the comparative biogeochemistry of aluminum, encompassing several ecosystems in North America and Europe. With the National Acidic Precipitation Assessment Program of the United States nearing a 1990 completion date, and with programs in Canada and many European countries accelerating to reach a consensus on the role that atmospheric emissions and acidic precipitation play in the environment, publication of this series is timely. Vlll Preface The editors wish to thank the contributors to this volume for their excellent discussions of some of the most relevant ecosystem studies dealing with acidic deposition. The authors also wish to thank reviewers for the volume chapters: Drs. Lindsay Boring and John Dowd of the University of Georgia, Dr. Jack Waide of the USDA Forest Hydrology Laboratory, Dr. Christopher Cronan of the Univer sity of Maine, and Professor Egbert Matzner of the University of Gottingen. And, finally, we are grateful for the expert assistance of my secretary, Ms. Brenda Rosier, and my technician, Ms. Claire Carlson, that made our task bearable. Aiken, South Carolina Domy C. Adriano Toronto, Canada Magda Havas Contents Series Preface .................................................... v Preface. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vll Contributors ..................................................... Xlll Acidic Deposition on Walker Branch Watershed .................. . D. W Johnson and S.E Lindberg I. Introduction .................................................. 2 II. Site Description ............................................... 3 III. Process-Level Studies .......................................... 5 IV. Ecosystem-Level Studies ....................................... 19 V. Long-Term Trends ............................................ 30 VI. Conclusions .................................................. 34 VII. Future Research ............................................... 35 References ................................................... 36 Acidic Precipitation: Case Study Soiling ........................... 39 E Matzner I. Introduction .................................................. 39 II. Research Area ................................................ 40 III. Methods ..................................................... 40 IV. Results ....................................................... 43 V. Conclusions .................................................. 78 References ................................................... 81 Decline of Red Spruce in High-Elevation Forests of New York and New England ................................... 85 A.H. Johnson, T. G. Siccama, WL. Silver, and J.J. Battles I. Introduction .................................................. 85 II. The Occurrence of Spruce Decline ............................... 86 III. Patterns and Rates of Mortality .................................. 87 IV. Relationships between Mortality, Age, Aspects, and Elevation ........ 91 x Contents V. Climatic Extremes as Initiating Stresses ........................... 94 VI. The Influence ofInsects and Diseases ............................ 98 VII. Summary of Natural Factors .................................... 99 VIII. The Possibility of Air Pollution Involvement ....................... 99 IX. Summary ..................................................... 109 References ................................................... 109 ALBIOS: A Comparison of Aluminum Biogeochemistry in Forested Watersheds Exposed to Acidic Deposition .............. 113 CS. Cronan and RA. Goldstein I. Introduction .................................................. 114 II. Study Sites ................................................... 115 III. Methods ..................................................... 117 IV. Results and Discussion ......................................... 119 V. Conclusions .................................................. 134 References ................................................... 135 Long-Term Acidic Precipitation Studies in Norway ................. 13 7 G. Abrahamsen, HM Seip, and A. Semb I. Introduction .................................................. 138 II. Atmospheric Transport and Deposition ........................... 139 III. Acidification of Soil and Water. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. 144 IV. Effects on Organisms and Biological Processes in the Soil ........... 157 V. Effects on Aquatic Organisms ................................... 160 VI. Effects on Forest .............................................. 165 VII. Effects on Humans ............................................ 169 VIII. Current and Future Research .................................... 170 References ................................................... 171 Chemistry of Rocky Mountain Lakes .............................. 181 1. T. Turk and N.E Spahr I. Introduction .................................................. 182 II. Purpose ...................................................... 182 III. Discussion .................................................... 182 IV. Future Research Needs ......................................... 204 V. Summary ..................................................... 205 References ................................................... 207 Influence of Airborne Ammonium Sulfate on Soils of an Oak Woodland Ecosystem in the Netherlands: Seasonal Dynamics of Solute Fluxes ............................... 209 N. van Breemen, P.MA. Boderie, and H W G. Booltink I. Introduction .................................................. 209 II. Environmental Setting, Materials, and Methods .................... 21 0

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