Acidic Deposition and Aquatic Ecosystems: Regional Case Studies PDF
Preview Acidic Deposition and Aquatic Ecosystems: Regional Case Studies
Acidic Deposition and Aquatic Ecosystems ... _..,.... ... - I '-__ ,, _____ -,,- ___ _ I I I I , ,,I --......" -, "---' Donald F. Charles Editor Susan Christie Technical Editor Acidic Deposition and Aquatic Ecosystems Regional Case Studies With 373 Illustrations Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Donald F. Charles Department of Biology Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA currently working under cooperative agreement at; U.S. EPA Environmental Research Laboratory 200 SW 35th Street Corvallis, Oregon 97333 USA Cover illustration: Oblique aerial photograph of seepage lakes and wetlands in Burnett County, northwestern Wisconsin, USA. Photograph taken by lim Omernik, U.S. EPA Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon, USA. Frontispiece: Map of case study areas prepared by Tony Selle, Mantech Environmental Technologies, Inc., U.S. EPA Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon, USA. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Acidic deposition and aquatic ecosystems: regional case studiesl D.F. Charles editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. \. Acid deposition-Environmental aspects-United States. 2. Acid pollution ofrivers, lakes, etc. - Environmental aspects - United States. 3. Aquatic ecology-United States. 4. Aquatic animals United States-Effect of water pollution on. I. Charles, Donald F. (Donald Franklin), 1949- QH545.A17A238 1990 574.5'2632'0973-dc20 90-9847 Printed on acid-free paper. © 1991 Springer-Verlag New York Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991 Copyright not claimed for works of employees of the United States government. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews of scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Mer chandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Typeset by Publishers Service of Montana, Bozeman, Montana. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I ISBN -13: 978-1-4613-9040-4 e-ISBN -13: 978-1-4613-9038-1 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-9038-1 Acknowledgments In preparing this book, we have summarized and synthesized a wide range of information and tried to present it in a consistent format so that readers can easily compare results from one chapter to the next. I especially thank the authors for their commitment and coopera tion in preparing an integrated book rather than a set of loosely related chapters. Many people have participated in this project and devoted considerable time and energy. They have communicated effectively and cooperated closely. I thank all involved. The idea for a Regional Case Studies book originated within the U.S. EPA Aquatic Effects Research Program (AERP), particularly with Dixon Landers, Rick Linthurst, and Courtney Riordan. They were also responsible for providing funding for the project. Susan Christie, NSI Senior Technical Editor at the EPA Environmental Research Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon, has made a significant contribution to the overall editorial quality of this book. She has had responsibility for many of the duties normally associated with a managing editor. She has kept track of the various versions and compo nents of chapters, communicated frequently with authors and reviewers, edited manuscripts for grammar, consistency, format, style, and readability, and made many sug gestions for improving the design and layout of the book. Susan has devoted considerable creative energy to this book. I have enjoyed working with her very much. Several NSI personnel at the EPA Environmental Research Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon, have provided significant contributions and support. Tony Selle used geographic information system (GIS) software to prepare most of the maps in this book. Jeremy Smith obtained and reformatted several of the computer databases used by chapter authors and carried out many of the standard data analyses presented in the book, including the enrich ment factor analyses. He, Jim Blick, Mark DeHaan, Danny Kugler, and Joe Bernert per formed many statistical analyses and prepared many computer graphics. Kathy Hurley provided the considerable and complicated administrative support necessary to make this project happen. Roze Royce typed and revised versions of some of the chapters and many letters, memos, and other project related communications. Sharon Ziminski helped organ ize and coordinate the four meetings of project participants and arranged for the drafting of final versions of many figures. Sue Brenard assisted with compilation and assembly of the final draft manuscript. I thank Kathy Fox for preparing the index. In addition to being coauthors on several chapters, Joan Baker and Sigurd Christensen provided material on biota, especially fish, for several of the case study chapters. Rudy Husar, also coauthor of a chapter and an appendix, provided critical information on precipitation chemistry and loading for several types of analyses and maps used in case study chapters, overview sections, and integration chapters. v vi Acknowledgments Scientific peer review was a very important part of the writing process. We are indebted to Dr. David Schindler and Dr. Hans Martin Seip for reviewing nearly all the chapters and making many useful comments about the science and about how the chapters could be revised to present a more integrated and cohesive assessment. Dr. Robert Cook, one of the authors, thoroughly reviewed most of the chapters and provided many helpful sugges tions. We also owe considerable thanks to all the people who reviewed individual chapters and appendices: David Armstrong, University of Stephen C. Nodvin, National Park Wisconsin Service Gerald Aubertin, Southern Illinois Stephen A. Norton, University of Maine University Anthony Olsen, Battelle Northwest Charles Barnes, U.S. Geological Survey National Laboratory David Brakke, Western Washington Steve Paulsen, University of Nevada University Karen Roy, Adirondack Park Agency, Mark Brenner, Florida State Museum, New York University of Florida David W. Schindler, Canada Department Edward Deevey, Florida State Museum, of Fisheries and Oceans University of Florida Carl Schofield, Cornell University Peter Dillon, Ontario Ministry of the Hans Martin Seip, Center for Industrial Environment Research, Norway Charles A. Donkers, Northern States John P. Smol, Queen's University Power Company at Kingston James Drever, University of Wyoming Robert Stauffer, Private Consultant, Clinton Duncan, Central Washington Lexington, Kentucky University Kent Thornton, FTN Associates Keith Eshleman, University of Virginia Kathy Tonnesson, California Air Thomas Frost, University of Wisconsin Resources Board David Helvey, U.S. Forest Service, Richard Vong, U.S. EPA Environmental Northeastern Experiment Station Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon Charles Hendry, Environmental Science Jack Waide, U.S. Forest Service, & Engineering, Inc. Southeastern Experiment Station Walter Kretser, Adirondack Lake Survey Donna Wales, Ministry of Natural Corp., New York Resources, Canada James LaBaugh, U.S. Geological Survey Eugene Welch, University of Washington William McFee, Purdue University Denis White, NSI, U.S. EPA Tilden Meyers, National Oceanographic Environmental Research Laboratory, and Atmospheric Administration Corvallis, Oregon The research described in the chapters of this book has been funded wholly or in part by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The book has been subjected to the Agency's peer and administrative review and has been approved for publication. Contents Acknowledgments ............................................... v Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Part I. Background Introduction-Acidic Deposition and Aquatic Ecosystems: Regional Case Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Donald F. Charles 1. Processes Influencing the Acid-Base Chemistry of Surface Waters. . . . . . . . 9 Ronald K. Munson and Steven A. Gherini 2. Hydrochemical Assessment Methods for Analyzing the Effects of Acidic Deposition on Surface Waters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Ronald K. Munson and Steven A. Gherini 3. Historical Trends in Atmospheric Sulfur Deposition and Methods for Assessing Long-Term Trends in Surface Water Chemistry ............ 65 Rudolf B. Husar, TImothy J. Sullivan, and Donald F. Charles 4. Effects of Acidification on Biological Communities in Aquatic Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Joan P. Baker and Sigurd W. Christensen 5. Geographic Overview of the Regional Case Study Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 107 Joseph M. Eilers and Anthony R. Selle Part II. Case Studies Northeast Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 129 Charles T. Driscoll 6. Adirondack Mountains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 133 Charles T. Driscoll, Robert M. Newton, Chad P. Gubala, Joan P. Baker, and Sigurd W. Christensen vii viii Contents 7. Maine......................................................... 203 Jeffrey S. Kahl, Stephen A. Norton, Christopher S. Cronan, Ivan J. Fernandez, Linda C. Bacon, and Terry A. Haines 8. Catskill Mountains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 237 John L. Stoddard and Peter S. Murdoch 9. Southeastern Canada: An Overview of the Effect of Acidic Deposition on Aquatic Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 273 Dean S. Jeffries Southeast Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 291 Jerry W. Elwood lO. Mountains of Western Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 297 B. Jack Cosby, Patrick F. Ryan, James R. Webb, George M. Hornberger, and James N. Galloway 11. The Southern Blue Ridge Province. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 319 Jerry W. Elwood, Michael J. Sale, Philip R. Kaufmann, and Glenn F. Cada Florida Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 365 Curtis D. Pollman 12. Florida........................................................ 367 Curtis D. Pollman and Daniel E. Canfield, Jr. Upper Midwest Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 417 Robert B. Cook 13. Upper Midwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 421 Robert B. Cook and Henriette /. Jager West Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 467 John M. Melack 14. Rocky Mountains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 471 John T. Turk and Norman E. Spahr 15. Sierra Nevada, California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 503 John M. Melack and John L. Stoddard 16. Cascade Mountains 531 Peter 0. Nelson Contents IX Part III. Synthesis and Integration 17. Interregional Comparisons of Surface Water Chemistry and Biogeochemical Processes ..................................... 567 Lawrence A. Baker, Joseph M. Eilers, Robert B. Cook, Philip R. Kaufmann, and Alan T. Herlihy 18. Long-Term Temporal Trends in Surface Water Chemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 615 Timothy J. Sullivan Appendices A. Ion Enrichment Analysis for the Regional Case Studies Project. . . . . . . . . .. 641 Lawrence A. Baker B. Regional Estimates of Atmospheric Dry Deposition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 645 Lawrence A. Baker C. Estimation of Precipitation Amount and Chemistry at Eastern Lake Survey - Phase I Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 653 Rudolf B. Husar References ..................................................... 663 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 717 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 729 Contributors Linda C. Bacon Maine Department of Environmental Protection, Augusta, Maine 04333, USA Joan P. Baker Western Aquatics, Inc., Durham, North Carolina 27713, USA Lawrence A. Baker Water Resources Research Center, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA; currently working under cooperative agreement at: U.S. EPA Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon 97333, USA Glenn F Cada Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6036, USA Daniel E. Canfield, Jr. Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA Donald F Charles Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405; currently working under cooperative agreement at: U.S. EPA Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon 97333; USA Sigurd W Christensen Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Labora- tory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6036, USA Robert B. Cook Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6036, USA B. Jack Cosby Department of Environmental Sciences, Clark Hall, University of Vir- ginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA; current address: School of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27706, USA Christopher S. Cronan Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA Charles T. Driscoll Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244-1190, USA Joseph M. Eilers E&S Environmental Chemistry, Inc., Corvallis, Oregon 97330, USA Jerry W Elwood Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6036; current address: U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia 22092, USA Ivan J. Fernandez Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA James N. Galloway Department of Environmental Sciences, Clark Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA Steven A. Gherini Tetra Tech, Inc., Lafay~tte, California 94549, USA Chad P. Gubala Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244-1190, USA xi
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