Acid Rain - Deposition to Recovery

406 Pages·2007·13.541 MB·English

by  Peter Brimblecombe, Hiroshi Hara, Daniel Houle, Martin Novak

Acid Rain - Deposition to Recovery
Acid Rain - Deposition to Recovery
Edited by
PETER BRIMBLECOMBE
University of East Anglia,
Norwich, UK
HIROSHI HARA
Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology,
Tokyo, Japan
DANIEL HOULE
Saint-Lawrence Centre, Montreal, Environment Canada;
Forest Division, Quebec Ministry of Natural Resources and Wildlife,
Quebec, Canada
and
MARTIN NOVAK
Czech Geological Survey,
Prague, Czech Republic
ReprintedfromWater,Air,&SoilPollution:Focus,Volume7,Issues1-3,2007
AC.I.P.CataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress.
ISBN:978-1-4020-5884-4 (HB)
ISBN:978-1-4020-5885-1 (e-book)
Published by Springer,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
www.springer.com
Printed onacid-free paper
Cover image: Frozen Trnavka River by Toma´sˇ Paces (reproduced with permission)
All Rights Reserved
* 2007 Springer
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without
written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the
purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of
the work.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
P. BRIMBLECOMBE / Preface 1Y2
S. HELLSTEN, U. DRAGOSITS, C. J. PLACE, T. H. MISSELBROOK, Y. S. TANG
and M. A. SUTTON / Modelling Seasonal Dynamics from Temporal Variation in
Agricultural Practices in the UK Ammonia Emission Inventory 3Y13
CAMILLA ANDERSSON and JOAKIM LANGNER / Inter-annual Variations of Ozone
and Nitrogen Dioxide Over Europe During 1958Y2003 Simulated with a Regional
CTM 15Y23
WENCHE AAS, JAN SCHAUG and JAN ERIK HANSSEN / Field Intercomparison of
Main Components in Air in EMEP 25Y31
BARBARA WALNA, IWONA KURZYCA and JERZY SIEPAK / Variations in the
Fluoride Level in Precipitation in a Region of Human Impact 33Y40
DAVID FOWLER, ROGNVALD SMITH, JENNIFER MULLER, JOHN NEIL CAPE,
MARK SUTTON, JAN WILLEM ERISMAN and HILDE FAGERLI / Long Term
Trends in Sulphur and Nitrogen Deposition in Europe and the Cause of Non-
linearities 41Y47
PIERRESICARD,PATRICECODDEVILLE,STE´PHANESAUVAGEandJEAN-CLAUDE
GALLOO / Trends in Chemical Composition of Wet-only Precipitation at Rural
French Monitoring Stations Over the 1990Y2003 Period 49Y58
CHRISTOPHER M. B. LEHMANN, VAN C. BOWERSOX, ROBERT S. LARSON
and SUSAN M. LARSON / Monitoring Long-term Trends in Sulfate and
AmmoniuminUSPrecipitation:ResultsfromtheNationalAtmosphericDeposition
Program / National Trends Network 59Y66
IZUMINOGUCHI,KENTAROHAYASHI,MASAHIDEAIKAWA,TSUYOSHIOHIZUMI,
YUKIYAMINAMI,MORITSUGUKITAMURA,AKIRATAKAHASHI,HIROSHI
TANIMOTO, KAZUHIDE MATSUDA and HIROSHI HARA / Temporal Trends
of Non-sea Salt Sulfate and Nitrate in Wet Deposition in Japan 67Y75
E. TERAUDA and O. NIKODEMUS / Sulphate and Nitrate in Precipitation and Soil Water
in Pine Forests in Latvia 77Y84
MARCOS A. DOS SANTOS, CYNTHIA F. ILLANES, ADALGIZA FORNARO and
JAIRO J. PEDROTTI / Acid Rain in Downtown Sa˜o Paulo City, Brazil 85Y92
STEPHEN A. NORTON / Atmospheric Metal Pollutants-Archives, Methods, and History 93Y98
BRIDGET A. EMMETT / Nitrogen Saturation of Terrestrial Ecosystems: Some Recent
Findings and Their Implications for Our Conceptual Framework 99Y109
B. J. HAWORTH, M. R. ASHMORE and A. D. HEADLEY / Effects of Nitrogen
Deposition on Bryophyte Species Composition of Calcareous Grasslands 111Y117
VI
KENTAROHAYASHI,MICHIOKOMADAandAKIRAMIYATA/AtmosphericDeposition
of Reactive Nitrogen on Turf Grassland in Central Japan: Comparison of the
Contribution of Wet and Dry Deposition 119Y129
MASAHIROYAMAGUCHI,MAKOTOWATANABE,NAOKIMATSUO,JUNICHINABA,
RYO FUNADA, MOTOHIRO FUKAMI, HIDEYUKI MATSUMURA,
YOSHIHISA KOHNO and TAKESHI IZUTA / Effects of Nitrogen Supply on the
Sensitivity to O of Growth and Photosynthesis of Japanese Beech (Fagus crenata)
3
Seedlings 131Y136
ULFSIKSTRO¨M / Stem Growthof Picea Abies in South Western Sweden in the 10 Years
Following Liming and Addition of PK and N 137Y142
ALLANG.SANGSTER,LEWISLING,FRE´DE´RICGE´RARDandMARTINJ.HODSON/
X-ray Microanalysis of Needles from Douglas Fir Growing in Environments of
Contrasting Acidity 143Y149
BOHANLIAO,ZHAOHUIGUO,QINGRUZENG,ANNEPROBSTandJEAN-LUCPROBST/
EffectsofAcidRainonCompetitiveReleasesofCd,Cu,andZnfromTwoNatural
Soils and Two Contaminated Soils in Hunan, China 151Y161
HARALDSVERDRUP,SALIMBELYAZID,BENGTNIHLGA˚RDandLARSERICSON/
Modelling Change in Ground Vegetation Response to Acid and Nitrogen Pollution,
ClimateChangeandForestManagementatinSweden1500Y2100A.D. 163Y179
ATSUYUKISORIMACHIandKAZUHIKOSAKAMOTO/LaboratoryMeasurementofDry
DepositionofOzoneontoNorthernChineseSoilSamples 181Y186
MILOSˇ ZAPLETALandPETRCHROUST/OzoneDepositiontoaConiferousandDeciduous
ForestintheCzechRepublic 187Y200
CECILIAAKSELSSON,OLLEWESTLING,HARALDSVERDRUP,JOHANHOLMQVIST,
GUNNAR THELIN, EVA UGGLA and GUNNAR MALM / Impact of Harvest
Intensity on Long-Term Base Cation Budgets in Swedish Forest Soils 201Y210
WENDELINWEIS,ROLANDBAIER,CHRISTIANHUBERandAXELGO¨TTLEIN/Long
Term Effects of Acid Irrigation at the Ho¨glwald on Seepage Water Chemistry and
Nutrient Cycling 211Y223
JOHANBERGHOLM,HOOSHANGMAJDIandTRYGGVEPERSSON/NitrogenBudgetof
a Spruce Forest Ecosystem After Six-year Addition of Ammonium Sulphate in
Southwest Sweden 225Y234
J. C. NO´VOA-MUN˜OZ and E. GARCI´A-RODEJA GAYOSO / Modification of Soil Solid
Aluminium Phases During an Extreme Experimental Acidification of A Horizons
of Forest Soils from Southwest Europe 235Y239
JOHAN TIDBLAD, VLADIMIR KUCERA, FARID SAMIE, SURENDRA N. DAS,
CHALOTHORN BHAMORNSUT, LEONG CHOW PENG, KING LUNG SO,
ZHAO DAWEI, LE THI HONG LIEN, HANS SCHOLLENBERGER,
CHOZI V. LUNGU and DAVID SIMBI / Exposure Programme on Atmospheric
Corrosion Effects of Acidifying Pollutants in Tropical and Subtropical Climates 241Y247
VII
VLADIMIR KUCERA, JOHAN TIDBLAD, KATERINA KREISLOVA, DAGMAR
KNOTKOVA, MARKUS FALLER, DANIEL REISS, ROLF SNETHLAGE,
TIM YATES, JAN HENRIKSEN, MANFRED SCHREINER, MICHAEL
MELCHER, MARTIN FERM, ROGER-ALEXANDRE LEFE`VRE and
JOANNA KOBUS / UN/ECE ICP Materials Dose-response Functions for the
Multi-pollutant Situation 249Y258
T. YAMADA, T. INOUE, H. FUKUHARA, O. NAKAHARA, T. IZUTA, R. SUDA,
M. TAKAHASHI, H. SASE, A. TAKAHASHI, H. KOBAYASHI, T. OHIZUMI
and T. HAKAMATA / Long-term Trends in Surface Water Quality of Five
Lakes in Japan 259Y266
MARY BETH ADAMS, JAMES N. KOCHENDERFER and PAMELA J. EDWARDS /
The Fernow Watershed Acidification Study: Ecosystem Acidification, Nitrogen
Saturation and Base Cation Leaching 267Y273
ANDREAS MEYBOHM and KAI-UWE ULRICH / Response of Drinking-water Reservoir
Ecosystems to Decreased Acidic Atmospheric Deposition in SE Germany: Signs of
Biological Recovery 275Y284
BJØRN MEJDELL LARSEN, ODD TERJE SANDLUND, HANS MACK BERGER and
TRYGVEHESTHAGEN/Invasives,IntroductionsandAcidification:TheDynamics
ofaStressedRiverFishCommunity 285Y291
ARNE FJELLHEIM, A˚SMUND TYSSE and VILHELM BJERKNES / Fish Stomachs as a
BiomonitoringToolinStudiesof InvertebrateRecovery 293Y300
SHAUN A. WATMOUGH, JULIAN AHERNE, M. CATHERINE EIMERS and PETER
J. DILLON / Acidification at Plastic Lake, Ontario: Has 20 Years Made a
Difference? 301Y306
DAVIDMONCOULON,ANNEPROBSTandLIISAMARTINSON/ModelingAcidification
Recovery on Threatened Ecosystems: Application to the Evaluation of the
Gothenburg Protocol in France 307Y316
W.KELLER,N.D.YANandJ.M.GUNNJ.HENEBERRY/RecoveryofAcidifiedLakes:
LessonsFromSudbury,Ontario,Canada 317Y322
RICHARD K. JOHNSON, WILLEM GOEDKOOP, JENS FO¨LSTER and ANDERS
WILANDER / Relationships Between Macroinvertebrate Assemblages of Stony
Littoral Habitats and Water Chemistry Variables Indicative of Acid-stress 323Y330
JENS FO¨LSTER, CECILIA ANDRE´N, KEVIN BISHOP, ISHI BUFFAM, NEIL CORY,
WILLEM GOEDKOOP, KERSTIN HOLMGREN, RICHARD JOHNSON,
HJALMAR LAUDON and ANDERS WILANDER / A Novel Environmental
Quality Criterion for Acidification in Swedish Lakes Y An Application of Studies
on the Relationship Between Biota and Water Chemistry 331Y338
VIII
TRYGVE HESTHAGEN, BJØRN WALSENG, LEIF ROGER KARLSEN and ROY M.
LANGA˚KER / Effects of Liming on the Aquatic Fauna in a Norwegian
Watershed: Why Do Crustaceans and Fish Respond Differently? 339Y345
OLLE WESTLING and THERESE ZETTERBERG / Recovery of Acidified Streams in
Forests Treated by Total Catchment Liming 347Y356
KEN YAMASHITA, FUMIKO ITO, KEIGO KAMEDA, TRACEY HOLLOWAY
and MATTHEW P. JOHNSTON / Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Reducing
the Emission of Nitrogen Oxides in Asia 357Y369
J. SLOOTWEG, J.-P. HETTELINGH, M. POSCH, G. SCHU¨TZE, T. SPRANGER,
W. DE VRIES, G. J. REINDS, M. VAN ’T ZELFDE, S. DUTCHAK,
and I. ILYIN / European Critical Loads of Cadmium, Lead and Mercury and their
Exceedances 371Y377
J.-P. HETTELINGH, M. POSCH, J. SLOOTWEG, G. J. REINDS, T. SPRANGER
and L. TARRASON / Critical Loads and Dynamic Modelling to Assess
European Areas at Risk of Acidification and Eutrophication 379Y384
MATTIASALVETEGandLIISAMARTINSON/OntheCalculationandInterpretationof
Target Load Functions 385Y390
LIZ HEYWOOD, RICHARD SKEFFINGTON, PAUL WHITEHEAD and BRIAN
REYNOLDS / Comparison of Critical Load Exceedance and Its Uncertainty
Based on National and Site-specific Data 391Y397
RICHARD A. WADSWORTH and JANE R. HALL / Setting Site Specific Critical Loads:
An Approach using Endorsement Theory and DempsterYShafer 399Y405
MALCOLM S. CRESSER / Why Critical Loads of Acidity and N for Soils Should be
Based on Pollutant Effective Concentrations Rather Than Deposition Fluxes 407Y412
JANEHALL,JACKIEULLYETT,RICHARDWADSWORTHandBRIANREYNOLDS/
The Applicability of National Critical Loads Data in Assessing Designated Sites 413Y419
WaterAirSoilPollut:Focus(2007)7:1–2
DOI10.1007/s11267-006-9086-6
Preface
P. Brimblecombe
Received:14November2006/Accepted:28November2006/Publishedonline:9January2007
#SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2007
Acid rain is still with us. Yet it no longer evokes the effects of non-acidic pollutants (ozone and particles).
wide public interest it did in the 1980s and increas- (6) Acidification outside Europe and North America.
ingly seems relegated to outdated school text books. (7) Soil acidification and recovery; nutrient imbal-
In reality the focus of acid rain research has shifted ances. (8) Forest damage. (9) Biogeochemical cycles.
and it was these changes that were particularly (10)Wateracidification.(11)Effectsonaquaticbiota.
evident at the Acid Rain 2005 conference, which (12) Role of organic carbon in ecosystem acidifi-
took place in the Prague Congress Centre from 12 to cation. (13) Modelling of acidification processes and
17thJune,2005.Thiswastheseventhconferenceina trends. (14) Critical loads. (15) Mitigation of soil and
series that stretches back to the founding meeting in water acidification. (16) Long-term trends of acidifi-
Columbus Ohio, in 1975. Although papers presented cation and recovery – regional case studies (17)
at the conference treated such traditional topics as Acidification and global change. (18) Acidification
emissions, precipitation composition and deposition, and metals. (19) Ecosystem experiments. (20) Nitro-
there was a wide range of other topics that illustrated gen effects on ecosystems. (21) Archives of historic
the widening perspective we take on acid rain. These data.(22)Airpollutionanditseffectonmaterialsand
included much new material on ecosystem loads and cultural heritage. (23–24) Regional and hemispheric.
recovery. The role of nutrients, particularly nitrogen, (25) Health effects of air pollution.
received greater emphasis than in the past. There was InvitedplenarylecturesatAcidRain2005included:
also a larger interest in metals in ecosystems and a 1. Charles T. Driscoll, Syracuse University, USA –
movetobringmoreattentiontohealthconsiderations. Effectsoftheacidicdepositiononaquaticecosystems.
Thereweremorethan20sessionscoveringabroad 2. Henning Rodhe, Stockholm University, Sweden –
range of topics: (1) Emissions and their control. (2) Historyandpresentoftheacidrainresearch.3.Bridgett
Long-range transport and its modelling. (3) Atmo- Emmett, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology,
sphericanddepositionprocesses.(4)Acidificationand Bangor,UK–Aciddepositionandthenitrogen cycle.
persistent organic compounds. (5) Air pollution and 4. Roland Psenner, University of Innsbruck, Austria –
Global change and acid rain. 5. Jakub Hruska, Czech
P.Brimblecombe(*) Geological Survey, Czech Republic – Effects of the
SchoolofEnvironmentalSciences,
acidic deposition on terrestrial ecosystems. 6. Stephen
UniversityofEastAnglia,
A. Norton, University of Maine, USA – Pollution by
NorwichNR47TJ,UK
e-mail:[email protected] non-acidic pollutants and their linkage with acidifica-
2 WaterAirSoilPollut:Focus(2007)7:1–2
tioneffects.7.KeithBull,UnitedNations,Switzerland Geochemistry.Thevolumehereemphasisesanumber
–Interfacebetweenthescienceofacidrainandpolicy. ofthemes:theemission,concentrationanddeposition
Close to six hundred participants from more than of pollutants; nitrogen and trace elements in ecosys-
thirty countries gathered for this key event in Prague. tems and their effects on forests, water and soil;
Thelocationwasparticularlysymbolicgiventhehigh studies of material damage, ecosystem recovery and
sulphur deposition in the region in the 20th century, critical loads.
which had such a great impact on forest ecosystems Aswithallconferencesoneisawareoftheenormous
and materials. The conference in the Czech Republic effortinvolved.Hereweweregratefulfortheworkdone
not only reminded us of a recent reduction in the by the organising committee chaired by Jaroslav
effects of pollutants, but also allowed us to undertake Šantroch of the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute
fieldtripstoforests,coalmines,power-plantsandtest andtheExecutiveCommitteechairedbyJakubHruška
sites where so much work related to acid rain had of the Czech Geological Survey. The International
been done. Scientific Committee chaired by Bedřich Moldan of
Thisvolumerepresentsjustaselectionofthework CharlesUniversityoftheCzechRepublicwasinfluen-
oftheconferenceandcannotdojusticetothequantity tialinmeetingearlyintheplanningstagetostructurethe
and variety of excellent material. The initial selection topicsthatformedthebasisoftheprogram.
committee of Martin Novak, Hiroshi Hara and Peter Thegeographicalshiftintheacidrainproblemwas
Brimblecombe met at the conference and tried to also seen from the presence of so many scientists
incorporate a range of papers that would reflect the fromChinaandtheAsia–Pacificrim.Acidrainhere
style of the conference. These are being published in shows itself in novel ways and it is particularly
Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus and Applied significant that China will host Acid Rain 2010.