Acid Gas Injection and Related Technologies

470 Pages·2011·23.348 MB·English

by  Ying Wu,John J. Carroll

Acid Gas Injection
and Related
Technologies
Edited by
Ying (Alice) Wu
Sphere Technology Connection
and
John J. Carroll
Gas Liquids Engineering
Scrivener
WILEY
This page intentionally left blank
Acid Gas Injection and
Related Technologies
Scrivener Publishing
3 Winter Street, Suite 3
Salem, MA 01970
Scrivener Publishing Collections Editors
James E. R. Couper Ken Dragoon
Richard Erdlac Rafiq Islam
Pradip Khaladkar Vitthal Kulkarni
Norman Lieberman Peter Martin
W. Kent Muhlbauer Andrew Y. C. Nee
S. A. Sherif James G. Speight
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Acid Gas Injection
and Related
Technologies
Edited by
Ying (Alice) Wu
Sphere Technology Connection
and
John J. Carroll
Gas Liquids Engineering
Scrivener
WILEY
Copyright © 2011 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.
Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener Publishing
LLC, Salem, Massachusetts.
Published simultaneously in Canada.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise,
except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without
either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the
appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers,
MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to
the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., Ill River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at
http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their
best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect
to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any
implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may
be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and
strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a
professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss
of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental,
consequential, or other damages.
For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please
contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at [phone], outside the
United States at [phone] or fax [phone].
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in
print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products,
visit our web site at www.wiley.com.
For more information about Scrivener products please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.
Cover design by Russell Richardson.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
ISBN 978-1-118-01664-0
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21
Contents
Preface xix
Introduction
Acid Gas Injection: Past, Present, and Future xxi
John J. Carroll
Section 1: Data and Correlation
1. Equilibrium Water Content Measurements For
Acid Gas Mixtures 3
R. A. Marriott, E. Fitzpatrick, F. Bernard, H. H. Wan,
K. L. Lesage, P. M. Davis, and P. D. Clark
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Available Literature Data 6
1.3 Equilibration Vessels / Techniques 9
1.3.1 The Visual Dew Point Cell, VDP 10
1.3.2 The Stirred Autoclave, SA, and
Basic Equilibrium Cell, EQ 11
1.3.3 The Isolated Floating Piston with
Micro Sampler, IFP/uS 13
1.4 Water Analysis 14
1.5 Sampling Issues for Analytic Methods 15
1.6 Some Recent Results and Future Directions 17
References 19
2. The Performance of State of the Art Industrial
Thermodynamic Models for the Correlation
and Prediction of Acid Gas Solubility in Water 21
Marco A. Satyro and James van der Lee
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Thermodynamic Modeling 22
2.3 Water Content 28
2.4 Conclusions and Recommendations 31
Acknowledgements 33
Nomenclature 33
Subscripts 34
v
vi CONTENTS
Superscripts 34
Greek Letters 34
References 34
3. The Research on Experiments and Theories about
Hydrates in High-Sulfur Gas Reservoirs 37
Liu Jianyi, Zhang Guangdong, Ye Chongqing,
Zhang Jing and Liu Yanli
3.1 Introduction 38
3.1.1 The Progress of Experimental Test in
High-CO or H S-containing System 38
z 2
3.1.2 The Progress of Prediction Model of
High-C0 or H S-containing System 39
2 2
3.2 Experimental Tests 40
3.2.1 Experimental Process 40
3.2.2 Experimental Samples 40
3.2.3 Experimental Results 40
3.2.4 Alcohol and Glycol Systems 41
3.2.5 Electrolytes Systems 43
3.3 Thermodynamic Model 44
3.3.1 The Improvement of Chemical Potential
of Hydration Phase 44
3.3.2 Calculation of Activity of Water Phase 47
3.3.3 The Phase Equilibrium Calculation of
Water-gas- Electrolytes- Alcohols 47
3.3.4 The Definition of Freezing Point in
Inhibitors-containing System 51
3.3.5 Improved Prediction Model of Hydrate 51
3.4 Experimental Evaluation 52
3.4.1 Experimental Evaluation of Thermodynamics
Prediction Model of Hydrate 52
3.4.2 The Error Evaluation of the Improved
Model for Experimental Data 53
3.4.3 Pure Water is Water-rich in System 53
3.4.4 The Alcohol Solution is Water-rich in System 54
3.4.5 The Electrolytes Solution is Water-rich
in System 55
3.4.6 The Mixed of Electrolytes and Methanol
Solution is Water-rich in System 56
3.5 Conclusions 57
Acknowledgements 58
References 58
CONTENTS vii
4. An Association Model for the Correlation of the
Solubility of Elemental Sulfur in Sour Gases 61
Bian Xiaoqing, Du ZHimin and Chen Jing
4.1 Introduction 61
4.2 Derivation of an Association Model 62
4.3 Calculation and Analysis of Solubility 67
4.4 Conclusions 72
Acknowledgements 73
References 73
5. Properties of C0 Relevant To Sequestration - Density 75
2
Sara Anwar and John J. Carroll
5.1 Introduction 75
5.2 Review and Correlation 78
5.2.1 Equations of State 78
5.3 Density 80
References 80
6. The Experimental Study of the Effect of the C0
2
Content on Natural Gas Properties at
Gathering Conditions 81
Du Jianfen, Hu Yue, Guo Ping, Deng Lei,
and Yang Suyun
6.1 Introduction 82
6.2 Experimental Test Process 82
6.3 Experimental Principles and Methods 83
6.4 Experimental Conditions 83
6.5 Analysis of Experimental Results 84
6.6 Conclusions 102
Section 2: Process Engineering
7. Dehydration of Acid Gas Prior
to Injection 107
Eugene W. Grynia, John J. Carroll, and Peter J. Griffin
7.1 Introduction 107
7.2 Acid Gas Phase Diagrams 108
7.3 Water Content of Acid Gas 109
7.4 Water Content of Acid Gas for Different Isotherms 111
7.5 Effect of Impurities on Water Content of
Acid Gas 115
7.6 Acid Gas Dehydration 116
viii CONTENTS
7.6.1 Compression and Cooling Alone 117
7.6.2 Acid Gas Dehydration with TEG 118
7.7 Hydrates of Acid Gas 125
7.8 Conclusions 127
References 127
8. Limitations And Challenges Associated With
The Disposal Of Mercaptan-Rich Acid Gas Streams
By Injection - A Case Study 129
Felise Man and John J. Carroll
8.1 Properties of Mercaptans 130
8.1.1 Pure Component Properties 130
8.1.2 Phase Equilibrium 131
8.1.3 Water Content and Solubility 131
8.1.4 Hydrates 131
8.2 Limitations of Process Simulation Tools and
Process Design 132
8.2.1 Vapour-Liquid Equilibria and
Hydrate Formation 133
8.2.2 Water Content and Dehydration
Processes 133
8.3 Case Study 134
8.3.1 Injection Pressures 136
8.3.2 Phase Envelopes and Compression 136
8.3.3 Dehydration 137
8.4 Conclusions 139
References 139
9. Acid Gas: When to Inject and When to Incinerate 141
Audrey Mascarenhas
9.1 Incineration Technology 142
9.2 Conclusion 145
10. Dynamics of Acid Gas Injection Well Operation 147
R. Mireault, R. Stocker, D. Dunn,
and M. Pooladi-Darvish
10.1 Introduction 148
10.2 Effects of Gas Composition 152
10.3 Determining Wellhead Operating Pressure 154
10.4 Computing Wellbore Pressure Changes 156