Achieving Sustainable Production of Milk Volume 1: Milk composition, genetics and breeding PDF
Preview Achieving Sustainable Production of Milk Volume 1: Milk composition, genetics and breeding
Achieving sustainable production of milk Volume 1: Milk composition, genetics and breeding It is widely recognised that agriculture is a significant contributor to global warming and climate change. Agriculture needs to reduce its environmental impact and adapt to current climate change whilst still feeding a growing population, i.e. become more ‘climate-smart’. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing is playing its part in achieving this by bringing together key research on making the production of the world’s most important crops and livestock products more sustainable. Based on extensive research, our publications specifically target the challenge of climate-smart agriculture. In this way we are using ‘smart publishing’ to help achieve climate-smart agriculture. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing is an independent and innovative publisher delivering high quality customer-focused agricultural science content in both print and online formats for the academic and research communities. Our aim is to build a foundation of knowledge on which researchers can build to meet the challenge of climate-smart agriculture. For more information about Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing simply call us on +44 (0) 1223 839365, email [email protected] or alternatively please visit our website at www.bdspublishing.com. Related titles: Achieving sustainable production of milk Volume 2: Safety, quality and sustainability Print (ISBN 978-1-78676-048-7); Online (ISBN 978-1-78676-050-0, 978-1-78676-051-7) Achieving sustainable production of milk Volume 3: Dairy herd management and welfare Print (ISBN 978-1-78676-052-4); Online (ISBN 978-1-78676-054-8, 978-1-78676-055-5) Improving organic animal farming Print (ISBN 978-1-78676-180-4); Online (ISBN 978-1-78676-182-8, 978-1-78676-183-5) Chapters are available individually from our online bookshop: https://shop.bdspublishing.com BURLEIGH DODDS SERIES IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE NUMBER 08 Achieving sustainable production of milk Volume 1: Milk composition, genetics and breeding Edited by Dr Nico van Belzen, Director General of the International Dairy Federation (IDF), Belgium Published by Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited 82 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK www.bdspublishing.com Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 1518 Walnut Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19102-3406, USA First published 2017 by Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited © Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2017. All rights reserved. This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission and sources are indicated. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information but the authors and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials. Neither the authors not the publisher, nor anyone else associated with this publication shall be liable for any loss, damage or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by this book. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. The consent of Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited for such copying. Permissions may be sought directly from Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing at the above address. Alternatively, please email: [email protected] or telephone (+44) (0) 1223 839365. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of product liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Control Number: 2016962692 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78676-044-9 (print) ISBN 978-1-78676-046-3 (online) ISBN 978-1-78676-047-0 (online) ISSN 2059-6936 (print) ISSN 2059-6944 (online) Typeset by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India Printed by Lightning Source Contents Series list xi Introduction xv Part 1 The composition and quality of milk 1 The proteins of milk 3 Shane V. Crowley, James A. O’Mahony and Patrick F. Fox, University College Cork, Ireland 1 Introduction 3 2 Analytical methods for the study of milk proteins 5 3 Caseins 7 4 Casein micelles 12 5 Whey proteins 23 6 Minor proteins, enzymes and other components 27 7 Laboratory-scale preparation of casein and whey proteins 32 8 Industrial milk protein products 36 9 Summary and future trends 45 10 Where to look for further information 45 11 References 47 2 Bioactive components in cow’s milk 63 Young W. Park, Fort Valley State University, USA 1 Introduction 63 2 Bioactive proteins 64 3 Bioactive lipids 87 4 Bioactive carbohydrates 90 5 Bioactive other compounds in milk 92 6 Bioactive minerals and vitamins 99 7 Conclusions 102 8 Where to look for further information 103 9 References 103 3 Ingredients from milk for use in food and non-food products: from commodity to value-added ingredients 121 Thom Huppertz and Inge Gazi, NIZO food research, The Netherlands 1 Introduction 121 2 Commodity dairy ingredients 122 3 Caseins and caseinates 126 4 Whey protein ingredients 127 5 Milk protein concentrates 129 6 Milk protein hydrolysates 131 7 Lactose and lactose derivatives 134 8 Milk fat globule membrane material 137 9 Conclusions and future trends 138 10 Where to look for further information 138 11 References 139 © Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited, 2017. All rights reserved. vi Contents 4 Understanding and preventing spoilage of cow’s milk 145 G. LaPointe, University of Guelph, Canada 1 Introduction 145 2 Causes of milk spoilage 146 3 Origins of spoilage microbes 147 4 Controlling milk spoilage during production 150 5 Controlling milk spoilage during processing 154 6 Summary and future trends 155 7 Where to look for further information 155 8 References 156 5 Sensory evaluation of cow’s milk 159 Stephanie Clark, Iowa State University, USA 1 Introduction 159 2 Milk evaluation processes 161 3 Off-flavours in milk: categories, causes and remedies 165 4 Sensory shelf-life testing 172 5 Conclusion 177 6 Where to look for further information 178 7 References 179 Part 2 Genetics, breeding and other factors affecting quality and sustainability 6 Using genetic selection in the breeding of dairy cattle 185 Julius van der Werf, University of New England, Australia and Jennie Pryce, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources (Government of Victoria) and La Trobe University, Australia 1 Introduction 185 2 Breeding programmes: AI, progeny testing, embryo transfer and in vitro fertilization 187 3 The structure of dairy breeding programmes 190 4 The exchange and selection of genetic material 193 5 Genomic selection 193 6 Multi-trait selection 197 7 Breeding objectives 199 8 Genomic selection for functional traits 205 9 Conclusion 205 10 Where to look for further information 206 11 Acknowledgements 206 12 References 206 7 Genetic factors affecting fertility, health, growth and longevity in dairy cattle 209 Joel Ira Weller, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Israel 1 Introduction 209 2 Important principles of multi-trait selection index 212 3 Statistical methods for the genetic analysis of non-production traits 215 4 Non-production traits and selection strategies: fertility 218 5 Non-production traits and selection strategies: health 221 © Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited, 2017. All rights reserved. Contents vii 6 Non-production traits and selection strategies: growth rate and longevity 226 7 Alternative methods to genetically improve functional traits 228 8 Mapping and identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting functional traits 231 9 Summary 235 10 Future trends in research 235 11 Where to look for further information 236 12 Acknowledgements 237 13 References 237 8 Breeding and management strategies to improve reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle 243 D. J. Ambrose, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, University of Alberta, Canada; and J. P. Kastelic, University of Calgary, Canada 1 Introduction 243 2 Reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle 246 3 The oestrous cycle and oestrus behaviour 247 4 Factors affecting reproductive efficiency 249 5 Strategies to improve reproductive efficiency in cows 254 6 Future trends 271 7 Where to look for further information 272 8 Acknowledgements 272 9 References 273 9 Nutritional strategies to improve nitrogen efficiency and milk protein synthesis in dairy cows 283 James D. Ferguson, University of Pennsylvania, USA 1 Introduction: the importance of reducing nitrogen losses in dairy farming 283 2 Protein in milk: protein content, determining factors and method of synthesis 285 3 Abomasal and duodenal infusion studies 293 4 Ideal amino acid profile 298 5 Central issues in estimating rumen microbial protein synthesis 300 6 Additional factors in estimating microbial protein synthesis 307 7 The metabolisable protein requirements of dairy cows 309 8 Milk urea nitrogen as a diagnostic tool 311 9 Designing rations to improve N efficiency in dairy cows 313 10 From research trials to real farm applications 315 11 Conclusion 323 12 Where to look for further information 324 13 Glossary of abbreviations 324 14 References 325 Index 333 © Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited, 2017. All rights reserved. Series list Title Series Number Achieving sustainable cultivation of maize - Vol 1 001 From improved varieties to local applications Edited by: Dr Dave Watson, CGIAR Maize Research Program Manager, CIMMYT, Mexico Achieving sustainable cultivation of maize - Vol 2 002 Cultivation techniques, pest and disease control Edited by: Dr Dave Watson, CGIAR Maize Research Program Manager, CIMMYT, Mexico Achieving sustainable cultivation of rice - Vol 1 003 Breeding for higher yield and quality Edited by: Prof. Takuji Sasaki, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Japan Achieving sustainable cultivation of rice - Vol 2 004 Cultivation, pest and disease management Edited by: Prof. Takuji Sasaki, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Japan Achieving sustainable cultivation of wheat - Vol 1 005 Breeding, quality traits, pests and diseases Edited by: Prof. Peter Langridge, The University of Adelaide, Australia Achieving sustainable cultivation of wheat - Vol 2 006 Cultivation techniques Edited by: Prof. Peter Langridge, The University of Adelaide, Australia Achieving sustainable cultivation of tomatoes 007 Edited by: Dr. Autar Mattoo, USDA-ARS, USA & Prof. Avtar Handa, Purdue University, USA Achieving sustainable production of milk - Vol 1 008 Milk composition, genetics and breeding Edited by: Dr Nico van Belzen, International Dairy Federation (IDF), Belgium Achieving sustainable production of milk - Vol 2 009 Safety, quality and sustainability Edited by: Dr Nico van Belzen, International Dairy Federation (IDF), Belgium Achieving sustainable production of milk - Vol 3 010 Dairy herd management and welfare Edited by: Prof. John Webster, University of Bristol, UK Ensuring safety and quality in the production of beef - Vol 1 011 Safety Edited by: Prof. Gary Acuff, Texas A&M University, USA & Prof.James Dickson, Iowa State University, USA Ensuring safety and quality in the production of beef - Vol 2 012 Quality Edited by: Prof. Michael Dikeman, Kansas State University, USA Achieving sustainable production of poultry meat - Vol 1 013 Safety, quality and sustainability Edited by: Prof. Steven C. Ricke, University of Arkansas, USA Achieving sustainable production of poultry meat - Vol 2 014 Breeding and nutrition Edited by: Prof. Todd Applegate, University of Georgia, USA Achieving sustainable production of poultry meat - Vol 3 015 Health and welfare Edited by: Prof. Todd Applegate, University of Georgia, USA © Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited, 2017. All rights reserved. Series list ix Achieving sustainable production of eggs - Vol 1 016 Safety and quality Edited by: Prof. Julie Roberts, University of New England, Australia Achieving sustainable production of eggs - Vol 2 017 Animal welfare and sustainability Edited by: Prof. Julie Roberts, University of New England, Australia Achieving sustainable cultivation of apples 018 Edited by: Dr Kate Evans, Washington State University, USA Integrated disease management of wheat and barley 019 Edited by: Prof. Richard Oliver, Curtin University, Australia Achieving sustainable cultivation of cassava - Vol 1 020 Cultivation techniques Edited by: Dr Clair Hershey, formerly International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Colombia Achieving sustainable cultivation of cassava - Vol 2 021 Genetics, breeding, pests and diseases Edited by: Dr Clair Hershey, formerly International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Colombia Achieving sustainable production of sheep 022 Edited by: Prof. Johan Greyling, University of the Free State, South Africa Achieving sustainable production of pig meat - Vol 1 023 Safety, quality and sustainability Edited by: Prof. Alan Mathew, Purdue University, USA Achieving sustainable production of pig meat - Vol 2 024 Animal breeding and nutrition Edited by: Prof. Julian Wiseman, University of Nottingham, UK Achieving sustainable production of pig meat - Vol 3 025 Animal health and welfare Edited by: Prof. Julian Wiseman, University of Nottingham, UK Achieving sustainable cultivation of potatoes - Vol 1 026 Breeding, nutritional and sensory quality Edited by: Prof. Gefu Wang-Pruski, Dalhousie University, Canada Achieving sustainable cultivation of oil palm - Vol 1 027 Introduction, breeding and cultivation techniques Edited by: Prof. Alain Rival, Center for International Cooperation in Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), France Achieving sustainable cultivation of oil palm - Vol 2 028 Diseases, pests, quality and sustainability Edited by: Prof. Alain Rival, Center for International Cooperation in Agricultural Research for Development (CIRAD), France Achieving sustainable cultivation of soybeans - Vol 1 029 Breeding and cultivation techniques Edited by: Professor Henry Nguyen, University of Missouri, USA Achieving sustainable cultivation of soybeans - Vol 2 030 Diseases, pests, food and non-food uses Edited by: Professor Henry Nguyen, University of Missouri, USA Achieving sustainable cultivation of sorghum - Vol 1 031 Genetics, breeding and production techniques Edited by: Prof. Bill Rooney, Texas A&M University, USA © Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited, 2017. 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