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Accessing Noun-Phrase Antecedents PDF

277 Pages·2014·5.947 MB·English
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ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: LINGUISTICS Volume 12 ACCESSING NOUN-PHRASE ANTECEDENTS This page intentionally left blank ACCESSING NOUN-PHRASE ANTECEDENTS MIRA ARIEL RRoutledge Taylor &. Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK First published in 1990 This edition first published in 2014 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 1990 Mira Ariel All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-415-64438-9 (Set) eISBN: 978-0-203-07902-7 (Set) ISBN: 978-0-415-72354-1 (Volume 12) eISBN: 978-1-315-85747-3 (Volume 12) Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace. Accessing Noun-Phrase Antecedents Mira Ariel i G E S T8 m A L Routledge T London and New York First published 1990 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge a division of Routledge, Chapman and Hall, Inc. 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 © 1990 Mira Ariel Typeset in 10/11 English Times by Mayhew Typesetting, Bristol Printed in Great Britain by T.J. Press, Padstow, Cornwall All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Ariel, Mira Accessing noun-phrase antecedents. - (Croom Helm linguistics series). 1. Linguistics I. Title 410 ISBN 0-415-00306-7 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Ariel, Mira. Accessing noun-phrase antecedents / Mira Ariel, p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-415-00306-7 1. Reference (Linguistics) 2. Grammar. Comparative and general- -Noun phrase. 3. Semantics. I. Title. P325.5.R44A75 1990 415 - dc20 89-10975 CIP Contents List of tables vii Acknowledgements ix Introducing Accessibility theory 1 0.1 On the role of context 1 0.2 On the nature of context retrievals 4 0.21 A ‘geographic’ view of context 5 0.3 Accessibility and the structure of memory 11 0.4 Accessibility marking: General predictions 17 0.41 The distributional pattern of referring expressions 17 0.42 Factors affecting Accessibility 22 Part I Discourse references 31 1 Low Accessibility referring expressions 33 1.1 Definite descriptions 34 1.2 Proper names 36 1.3 Degrees of Accessibility within Low Accessibility Markers 41 2 Intermediate Accessibility referring expressions 47 2.1 Personal pronouns 47 2.2 Demonstrative pronouns 51 2.3 Degrees of Accessibility within Intermediate Accessibility Markers 53 3 High Accessibility Markers 56 3.1 Deep anaphora* 58 3.2 Third-person pronouns 61 3.3 Degrees of Accessibility within High Accessibility Markers 64 v Contents 4 The Accessibility scale 69 4.1 Constructing the Accessibility scale 69 4.2 The universality of the Accessibility scale 76 4.21 Formulating the Universal Accessibility Claim 79 4.3 Concluding remarks 92 Part II Sentence-level anaphora 95 5 Applying Accessibility theory to sentence-level anaphora 97 5.1 General predictions 97 5.2 Replacing the \Avoid Pronoun9principle with Accessibility theory 100 6 Zero subjects 106 6.1 The Accessibility status of AGR types: Focus on Hebrew 109 6.2 Zero subjects: Focus on Chinese 123 7 Clause-linkage and anaphoric marking 131 7.7 Clause-linkage aGndE STASwLitTch -Rnecfee rseystems 138 7.2 Clause-linkage aGndE STAdeLfinTit e nNaPph aora 147 7.21 Clause-linkage and Resumptriovneo Puns 148 GESTALT 7.22 Clause-linkage and backwaradpsh aonra 155 Part III On the interaction of Accessibility with 165 pragmatic and social factors 8 The role of inferencing 169 8.1 The use of context in reference resolutions 171 8.2 Inferred entities 184 8.3 On so-called presuppositions 190 9 Special uses of Accessibility Markers 198 9.1 Possible divergences from appropriate Accessibility marking 199 9.2 Referring to the 'Other9: Focus on women 207 9.3 Appendix 220 Notes 221 References 238 Sources 256 Name index 258 Subject index 262 List of tables 0.1 Breakdown of anaphoric expressions by text positions 18 0.2 Popularity of anaphoric expressions in text positions 19 0.3 Popularity of non-topic anaphoric expressions in text positions 19 1.1 Context accessed by definite descriptions 35 1.2 Contexts referred to by definite descriptions and full proper names 42 1.3 Distribution of definite descriptions and full proper names in various textual positions 42 1.4 Context types retrieved by long and short definite descriptions 44 1.5 Name types in initial position 45 1.6 Names in textual positions 45 4.1 Initial Accessibility marking 70 6.1 Hebrew AGR types with respect to Informativity 116 6.2 Person markers in past and future tenses 117 6.3 Zero/pronoun distribution in Chinese correlatives 127 9.1 Names and name types used to initially refer to women and men in the media 212 9.2 Dependency descriptions introducing females and males 213 9.3 Distribution of predominantly ‘feminine’ references 216 9.4 Distribution of predominantly ‘masculine’ references 216 9.3 Appendix 220 vii

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