Access to rural land and land administration after violent conflicts PDF
Preview Access to rural land and land administration after violent conflicts
Accessto rural land and land administration afterviolent conflicts :..A. • •••'::>;•••A^v>>:^ . *.i .V RAO LANDTENURESTUDIES 8 Accessto rural land and land administration afterviolent conflicts "Th±8 One FOODANDAGRICULTUREORGANIZATIONOFTHEUNITEDNATIONS Rome,2005 Copyrightedmaterial 'Reprinted2005,2008 Thedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialinthisinformation productdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepart IoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)concerningthe iIolergaclonocredrenvienlgotphmeednetlismtiattaustioofnaonfyitcsofurnotnrtyi,ertserorritobroju’,ndcairtiyeosr.aTrheeaomrenotfiiotsnaoufthsopreictiifeisc, companiesorproductsofmanufacturers,whetherornotthesehavebeenpatented,does notimplythatthesehavebeenendorsedorrecommendedbyFAOinpreference toothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned. ISBN978-92-5-105343-0 Allrightsreserved.Reproductionanddisseminationofmaterialinthisinformation productforeducationalorothernon-commercialpurposesareauthorizedwithout anypriorwrittenpermissionfromthecopyrightholdersprovidedthesourceisfully acknowledged.Reproductionofmaterialinthisinformationproductforresaleorother commercialpurposesisprohibitedwithoutwrittenpermissionofthecopyrightholders. Applicationsforsuchpermissionshouldbeaddressedto: Chief ElectronicPublishingPolicyandSupportBranch CommunicationDivision FAO VialedelleTcrmcdiCaracalla,00153Rome,Italy orbye-mailto: copyright@^ao.org ©FAO2005 Copyrightedmaterial RAO LandTenureStudies FAO’sLandTenureStudiesareconcisepresentationsonthe oftencomplicatedandcontroversialsubjectoflandtenure, especiallyasitrelatestofoodsecurity,povertyalleviation andruraldevelopment.Thesestudiesdonotseektobe exhaustivebutinsteadreflectwhatFAOanditsmanyinter- nationalcollaboratorshavediscoveredare“goodpractices” foraparticularaspectoflandtenureanditsadministration. Thestudiescovervariousaspectsofimprovingaccessto landandothernaturalresourcesandincreasingtenuresecu- rity.Theyaddresstheroleoflandtenureinruraldevelop- ment,genderandaccesstoland,improvedaccesstoland throughleasingarrangements,ruralpropertytaxationsys- tems.landconsolidation,andlandaccessandlandadminis- trationafterviolentconflicts. MoreinformationontheLandTenureStudies,andonFAO’s workinlandtenure,isavailableat: http://www.fao.org/sd/LTdirect/ltstudies_en.htm http://www.fao.org/sd/INl_en.htm Copyrightedmaterial Acknowledgements GuidelinespreparedbyDavidPalmer,NigelThomson, PaidDeWit.JonathanUmisay,Mika-PetteriTdrhdnen, PamelaPozamyandPaulMathieu. ReviewPanel:BengtAndersson,ClarissaAugustinus, FranciscoBanjuero.FlorenceEgal.VladimirEvtimov, AnnieKairaba-KyambaddeandJonUnruh. Copyrightedmaterial Contents Foreword vii 1.INTRODUCTION 1 2.POST-CONFLICTSETTINGS 5 Violentconflictsandtheircauses 5 Thestartandendofthepost-conflictperiod 7 Characteristicsofthepost-conflictenvironment 10 Thedisplacementandreturnofrefugees andInternallyDisplacedPersons ^ 3.LANDTENUREINPOST-CONFLICTSETTINGS 13 Landtenureanditsadministration 13 AccesstolandInpost-conflictsettings 24 LandadministrationInpost-conflictsettings 27 Customarylands 30 Theimportanceofconsideringlandtenureinpost-conflictsettings 32 4.ASSISTANCEINASSESSMENTMISSIONS 35 5.ASSISTANCEWITHEMERGENCYACTIVITIES M33 Recognitionoflandtenureproblems Thelandtenuresystem 42 Adjudicationoflandrights ^ Needtorland 45 Availabilityofland 46 Operationalframework 47 Policyframework ^ Legalframework ^ Inter-agencycoordination 51 Communication 52 Copyrightedmaterial Identificationofpriorities 52 Designandimpiementationofshort-termactions 53 6.ASSISTANCEWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFPOLICIES 57 Restitution 60 Resettiement 63 Estabiishmentofanoperationalsystem 65 Co-ordinationandcommunication 67 7.ASSISTANCEWITHTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFPOLICIES 69 8.FINALCOMMENTS 73 Copyrightedmaterial Foreword ThepresentvolumeispartofaseriesofLandTenureStudies producedbyFAO’sLandTenureServiceoftheRural DevelopmentDivision.Landtenurearrangementsareakey tofoodsecurityandsustainableruraldevelopment.Equitable andsecureaccesstoland,especiallyfortheruralpoor,isa crucialfactorforreducingpovertyandhunger,forincreasing agriculturalproductivity,andforimprovingruralconditions. Effectivelandtenureinstitutionsareneededtoadminister whohasrightstowhatnaturalresourcesforwhichpurposes, forhowlong,andunderwhatconditions. Violentconflictstypicallycausesignificantchangesto landtenureanditsadministration.Awidespreadconflict lastingforanumberofyearsmayresultinsuccessivewaves ofdisplacementofpeople.Peoplemaylosetheirlandbecause theyhavebeenforciblyevicted,ortheymayabandontheir landbecauseoffearofviolence.Thosedisplacedareforced toseeklandtosettle,eitherwithinthecountryasInternally DisplacedPersons,orexternallyasrefugees.Peopleliving insaferareasmayhavelostaccesstotheirlandwiththe arrivalofthosewhoaredisplaced. Attheendofaconflict,manypeoplereturnhomeonlyto findthatothersoccupytheirproperty.Insomecasessuch occupantsmaynothaveavalidclaim.Inmanyothercases thewavesofdisplacementresultinseveralpeoplehaving legitimateclaimstothesameparcelofland.Manypeople willnotbeabletoreturntotheiroriginalhomeareasandwill havetosettleelsewhere. Providingsecureaccesstolandisparticularlycomplexin situationsfollowingviolentconflicts.Awiderangeofpeople andorganizationsrequireaccesstolandforavarietyof purposes.Insomecasestemporaryaccessisrequired;inother Copyrightedmaterial casesmorejjermanentarrangementsareneeded.Resolving claimstolandandensuringaccesstoitareoftenhampered byaweakcapacityofcentralandlocallevelsofgovernment. Newprocessesformanaginglandrestitutionandresettlement programmesmustoftenbedesignedandimplemented. Criticalinfrastructuremustbereplaced,landrecordsmust berecoveredorrecreated,andtechnicalandmanagerial expertisemustbere-established. Thisvolumeisintendedtosupportlandtenureandland administrationspecialistswhoparticipateintherecreation oflandtenureanditsadministrationincountriesfollowing violentconflicts.Thebook,likeothersintheseries,doesnot seektobeexhaustivebutratherreflectswhatFAQandits manycollaboratorshavediscoveredare“gwxlpractices". FAO’s Rural Development Division looksforwardto continuingcollaborationwithitslargeraudience. ParvizKoohafkan Director RuralDevelopmentDivision Copyrightedmaterial Accesstorurallandandlandadministrationafterviolentconflicts 1 1.Introduction 1.1 Secureaccesstolandisacrucialfactorintheeradicationofhungerand poverty.Providingsecureaccesstolandisfrequentlynoteasy,anditis particularlycomplexinsituationsfollowingviolentconflicts.Gettingthe answerrightcangodirectlytothematterofachievingsustainablepeace. Addressingemergencyhumanitarianneedsafteraconflictrequiresfinding placesforpeopletoliveintheshort-termunderconditionsthatprovide safetyforthemandwhichdonotthreatentherightstolandofothers. Buildinglonger-termsocialandeconomicstabilityrequiresfindingmore permanent.solutionstowherepeoplecanliveandwork.Yettoooften, initiativesforrecoveryandreconstructionareplannedwithoutconsidering theneedtoresolvelandtenureproblems. 1.2 Violentconflictsariseformanyreasons.Someviolentconflictshavetheir rootsindisputesoveraccesstoland.Inmanyothercases,landtenureis notafundamentalcauseofviolencealthoughlanddi.sputesmayaddtothe tensions.Regardlessoftheoriginofaconflict,widespreadviolenceover aperiodofyearsresultsinthemassivedisplacementofmuchofthe population.Peoplebecomelandless.Vulnerablegroupsalmo.stinvariably includewomenandchildren,andmayalsoincludeethnicorpolitical minorities.Attheendofaconflict,accesstolandisrequiredbypeoplewho weredisplaced.Manypeopletrytogetbacktheirownland.TTieymayface severalcompeting,legitimateclaimstothesamelandasaresultof successivewavesofdisplacement.Manyothersmaynotbeabletorecover theirlandsandhavetosettleelsewhere. 1.3 Theeffectsofviolentconflictsareu.suallywidespreadinacountrybutthey canbeparticularlysevereinruralareas.Conflictsoftenoccurinpoor countrieswheremuchofthepopulationisrural:poorcountrieshavethe characteristicsofarelativelylowlevelofurbanizationandarelativelyhigh percentageofthelabourforceworkinginagriculture.Widespreadconflicts inpoorcountriescanthusresultinthedisplacementofvastnumbersof Copyrightedmaterial
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