Access to History for the IB Diploma. The Cold War

329 Pages·2013·11.234 MB·English

by  David Williamson

Access to History
for the IB Diploma
The Cold War
David G. Williamson
To Sue
The material in this title has been developed independently of the International Baccalaureate®, which in no way endorses it.
The Publishers would like to thank the following for permission to reproduce copyright material:
Photo credits p.18 The Granger Collection, NYC/TopFoto/Cartoon by C. Berryman published in the Washington Star, 9 October
1939; p.34 © Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS; p.45 British Cartoon Archive, University of Kent/artwork © Alex Marengo; p.77
© dpa/Corbis; p.89 Press Office of the Government of Germany; p.111 Xinhua News Agency/Eyevine; p.114 TopFoto; p.115
© Bettmann/CORBIS; p.122 Xinhua News Agency/Eyevine; p.131 AFP/Getty Images; p.143 Press Office of the Government of
Germany; p.155 Jack Esten/Picture Post/Getty Images; p.170 Press Office of the Government of Germany; p.180 TopFoto; p.189
© Bettmann/CORBIS; p.199 © Bettmann/CORBIS; p.208 © Bettmann/CORBIS; p.249 Keystone/Getty Images; p.261 Sahm Doherty/
Time Life Pictures/Getty Images; p.264 © Pascal Manoukian/Sygma/Corbis; p.289 culture-images/TopFoto.
Acknowledgements Norman Davies: Table: Statistics of Poland’s trade balance from 1950–76 in millions of convertible zloty from
God’s Playground – A History of Poland, Volume 2 (Oxford University Press, 2005), reproduced by permission of the publisher;
C.S. Maier: Tables: ‘Numbers of visitors from the GDR to the FRG’ and ‘Total indebtedness to the West’ from Dissolution: The Crisis of
Communism and the End of East Germany (Princeton University Press, 1997), © 1997 Princeton University Press, reprinted by
permission of Princeton University Press; Christian Ostermann: ‘The United States and the East German Uprising of 1953 and the
Limits of Rollback’ from Cold War International History Project (Woodrow Wilson Center for Scholars, 1994), reproduced by permission
of the author; Richard Sakwa: Table: ‘Republics of the USSR’ from Soviet Politics in Perspective (Routledge, 1998), reproduced by
permission of Taylor & Francis Books (UK); G. Swain and N. Swain: Tables: ‘State control of industrial output and trade in 1952’
and ‘Collectivization of agriculture in eastern Europe’ from Eastern Europe since 1945 (Palgrave Macmillan, 1993), reproduced by
permission of the publisher; M. Walker: Table: ‘Numbers of US and Soviet nuclear launchers and warheads, 1962–80’ from
The Cold War (Vintage, 1993).
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© David G. Williamson 2013
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Cover photo © The Granger Collection/TopFoto
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A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library
ISBN 978 14441 56478
Contents
Introduction 4
1 What you will study 4
2 How you will be assessed 5
3 About this book 7
Chapter 1 The origins of the Cold War, 1917–45 10
1 The ideology of the Cold War 10
2 The Soviet Union and the Western powers, 1917–41 14
3 The Grand Alliance, 1941–45 20
4 The liberation of Europe, 1943–45 25
5 The Yalta Conference, February 1945 33
Examination advice 38
Examination practice 41
Activities 41
Chapter 2 From wartime allies to post-war enemies, 1945–47 42
1 Transition from war to fragile peace, 1945–46 42
2 Germany, June 1945–April 1947 50
3 The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan 54
4 The ‘Iron Curtain’ 59
5 Key debate: Did the US or the USSR start the Cold War, 1945–47 67
Examination advice 70
Examination practice 73
Activities 73
Chapter 3 The division of Germany and Europe, 1948–52 74
1 The division of Germany 74
2 Western European rearmament 82
3 The consolidation of the rival blocs 90
Examination advice 98
Examination practice 101
Activities 101
Chapter 4 The spread of communism in Asia, 1945–54 102
1 Japan and the Cold War, 1945–52 102
2 The Chinese Civil War 107
3 The Korean War, 1950–53 117
4 Indochina, 1945–54 128
Examination advice 134
Examination practice 137
Activities 137
Chapter 5 From détente to the Berlin Wall, 1953–61 138
1 The thaw, 1953–55 138
2 The emergence of the Third World and the Non-Aligned Movement 148
3 1956: The year of crises 152
4 The aftermath of the Hungarian and Suez Crises, 1957–58 160
5 The Berlin Crisis, 1958–61 164
Examination advice 172
Examination practice 175
Activities 175
Chapter 6 The global Cold War, 1960–78 176
1 The Sino-Soviet split 176
2 The Congo Crisis, 1960–65 181
3 The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 186
4 Vietnam, 1954–75 194
5 The Cold War in the Middle East, 1957–79 209
6 The Cold War in Africa, 1964–79 218
Examination advice 228
Examination practice 231
Activities 231
Chapter 7 The politics of détente, 1963–79 232
1 US–Soviet relations, 1963–72 232
2 Détente in Europe, 1963–69 240
3 Ostpolitik 247
4 Helsinki Accords and SALT II, 1975–79 251
Examination advice 256
Examination practice 259
Activities 259
Chapter 8 The end of the Cold War 260
1 ‘New Cold War’, 1976–85 260
2 Mikhail Gorbachev and renewed détente, 1985–89 270
3 The collapse of communism in eastern Europe, 1989–90 279
4 Collapse of the USSR 292
Examination advice 302
Examination practice 305
Activities 305
Glossary 306
Timeline 312
Further reading 315
Internal assessment 319
Index 321
Dedication
Dedicated to Keith Randell (1943–2002)
The original Access to History series was conceived and developed by Keith, who created a series
to ‘cater for students as they are, not as we might wish them to be’. He leaves a living legacy of a
series that for over 20 years has provided a trusted, stimulating and well-loved accompaniment
to post-16 study. Our aim with these new editions for the IB is to continue to offer students the
best possible support for their studies.
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Introduction
This book has been written to support your study of Topic 5: The Cold War for IB
History Diploma Route 2 Paper 2.
This first chapter gives you an overview of:
✪ the content you will study for the Cold War
✪ how you will be assessed for Paper 2
✪ the different features of this book and how these will aid your learning.
1 What you will study
The late twentieth century witnessed the Cold War. The end of the Second
World War brought two superpowers, the United States (US) and the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), to the fore of international relations.
Both states had vast territories, with large populations, tremendous national
resources and major industrial complexes. They both fielded large militaries
that had defeated Axis states in the Second World War and each represented
a specific governing and economic structure. The US generally stood for
democratically elected governments that espoused free trade or capitalism,
while the USSR was a communist state in which there was only one political
party, the Communist Party, and the economy was primarily directed by the
state. These competing economic and government models, along with the
need for each to create alliances for their security and the security of their
allies, had worldwide consequences as each state attempted to gain further
allies, spread their economic and governing systems and competed militarily,
both in terms of quantity and technology.
The Cold War is an interesting topic of study. The competition between the
US and the USSR and their allies had economic consequences for Europe
and many other parts of the world. Various wars, such as those in Korea,
Vietnam and Afghanistan resulted, in part, from the desire to either limit or
spread communism or capitalism. While the Cold War may often be seen as
a period in which the world was often seemingly on the threshold of nuclear
warfare, it may also be interpreted as an era in which the search for peace
and security were paramount concerns for many nations’ leaders.
This book addresses East–West relations from 1945. It:
l begins by looking at the origins of the Cold War and the ideological
differences which underpinned it (Chapter 1)
l examines the early years of the Cold War, including how Truman’s policy
of containing Communism developed, and the development of the ‘Iron
Curtain’ (Chapter 2).
4
Introduction
l covers the division of Germany from 1948 to 1952 and the consolidation
of the division of Europe into a Soviet bloc and a Western bloc (Chapter 3)
l traces how communism spread in Asia and its impact on different
conflicts in the region (Chapter 4)
l considers the advent of détente and its subsequent breakdown during
various crises, culminating in the Berlin Crisis (Chapter 5)
l covers the global Cold War from 1953 to 1961, looking at conflict in Africa,
Vietnam and the Middle East (Chapter 6)
l looks in detail at the politics of détente, 1963 to 1979 (Chapter 7)
l concludes by examining the end of the Cold War and the collapse of
communism in eastern Europe and the USSR (Chapter 8).
2 How you will be assessed
The IB History Diploma can either be studied to Standard or Higher Level. It
has three papers in total: Papers 1 and 2 for Standard Level and a further
Paper 3 for Higher Level. It also has an internal assessment which all
students must do.
l For Paper 1 you need to answer four source-based questions on a
prescribed subject. This counts for 20 per cent of your overall marks at
Higher Level, or 30 per cent of your overall marks at Standard Level.
l For Paper 2 you need to answer two essay questions on two different
topics. This counts for 25 per cent of your overall marks at Higher Level, or
45 per cent of your overall marks at Standard Level.
l For Paper 3 you need to answer three essay questions on two or three
sections. This counts for 35 per cent of your overall marks at Higher Level.
For the Internal Assessment you need to carry out a historical investigation.
This counts for 20 per cent of your overall marks at Higher Level, or 25 per
cent of your overall marks at Standard Level.
Topic 5: The Cold War is assessed through Paper 2. There are five topics on
Paper 2 and you will answer two questions in total, each from a different
topic. Questions for Topic 5 may ask you to discuss the origins and
development of the Cold War, the importance of specific policies or leaders,
about various crises or treaties and their effects, the impact of proxy conflicts
such as those in Korea, Vietnam or Afghanistan, the final years of the Cold
War, and so forth.
Examination questions
You will answer only one question out of the six questions you will find on
Topic 5: The Cold War. Your answer will take the form of an essay. These
questions are not in any particular order. There will be questions that your
teacher has prepared you to answer, but others that you will not be able to
address. This is normal and expected. Topic 5 has many areas of the Cold War
which may be studied and your teacher has selected various periods,
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covering different regions, such as Asia, Africa, Europe or the Americas. Each
question on the exam is worth 20 points, making Paper 2 worth a total of 40.
There are several types of questions, some of which may be as follows.
Questions about the importance of a single event
Your examination will possibly contain questions regarding a single event or
issue. This event or issue may be named, or the examination paper may allow
you to choose one to address.
Example 1
To what extent was the Potsdam Conference responsible for the Cold War?
Example 2
For what reasons, and with what results, did the Suez Crisis in 1956 affect
Cold War relations?
Example 3
Which event in eastern Europe in 1989 contributed most significantly to the
collapse of communism in that region?
Example 4
Analyse the importance of the Cuban Missile Crisis on Cold War diplomacy.
Questions that involve more than one region
Your examination will have questions regarding more than one region during
the Cold War.
Example 1
With reference to two Cold War communist leaders, each from a different
region, compare and contrast their relationship with the Soviet Union.
Example 2
Examine the difference between the Soviet Union’s relationships with
communist governments from two different regions.
Example 3
Analyse the origins of communist government in two different states, each
from a different region.
Example 4
Assess the importance of the Cold War for Africa and Asia.
Questions that involve quotations
Examinations often have questions that begin with a quotation that must be
analysed.
Example 1
‘The Cold War began as the result of Soviet provocations at the end of the
Second World War.’ To what extent is this statement true?
6
Introduction
Example 2
‘The United States was responsible for the Cuban Missile Crisis.’ Assess the
validity of this statement.
Example 3
‘Gorbachev’s policies, and not those of the United States, were responsible
for bringing the Cold War to an end.’ Examine the accuracy of this statement.
Example 4
‘Détente was not the exception to international diplomacy during the Cold
War between the United States and the Soviet Union, but the norm.’ To what
extent is this statement valid?
The appearance of the examination paper
Cover
The cover of the examination paper states the date of the examination and
the length of time you have to complete it: 1 hour and 30 minutes. Please
note that there are two routes in history. Make sure your paper says Route 2
on it. Instructions are limited and simply state that you should not open it
until told to do so, answer only two questions, each from a different topic,
and to make sure that you understand what the paper means by regions. A
map indicates the regions for you.
Topics
Once you are allowed to open your examination paper, you will note that
there are five topics, each numbered and titled. Topic 5 obviously comes last
and six questions will follow below this title. Again, the questions are in no
particular order, so a question on a more recent event or issue may come
before one that deals with something or someone that occurred earlier in
time.
Questions
You are required to answer only one of the six questions. Make sure you have
read through all the questions before starting, selecting the question you
know the most about and feel the most comfortable with. It is important to
understand that you need to answer the question fully in an essay format.
We will discuss more about answering questions at the end of each chapter.
3 About this book
Coverage of course content
This book addresses the key areas listed in the IB History Guide for Route 2:
Twentieth-century world history Topic 5: The Cold War. Chapters start with
an introduction outlining the key questions that will be addressed. Chapters
are then divided into a series of sections and topics covering the course
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