Accelerating the Transition to a 100% Renewable Energy Era

578 Pages·2020·23.076 MB·English

by  Tanay Sıdkı Uyar

Lecture Notes in Energy 74
Tanay Sıdkı Uyar   Editor
Accelerating
the Transition
to a 100%
Renewable
Energy Era
Lecture Notes in Energy
Volume 74
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ı ı
Tanay S dk Uyar
Editor
Accelerating the Transition
to a 100% Renewable Energy
Era
123
Editor
Tanay Sıdkı Uyar
Energy Section
Department ofMechanical Engineering
Marmara University
Istanbul,Turkey
ISSN 2195-1284 ISSN 2195-1292 (electronic)
Lecture Notesin Energy
ISBN978-3-030-40737-7 ISBN978-3-030-40738-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40738-4
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Preface
Coronavirus, COVID-1, is a virus that is too small to be seen. In a few months, it
almost stopped all life on Earth. Not only did it stop the daily life, but in a short
period of time it crossed all borders and oceans drawn by human beings quickly,
reachingandinfectingmillionsofpeoplein185countriesinalmostovertheworld.
Its circulation on Earth continues, and it is not yet clear up to where it will
continue and when it will stop. 343,608 people have died from the coronavirus,
COVID-19, outbreak as of May 24, 2020. Worse still, nobody knows what will
happen tomorrow and beyond. No one can say anything concrete.
Mankindhasnotbeenabletostopthisepidemicformonthswithallitshistorical
knowledge,andeconomicandtechnologicalcapabilities.Farfromstopping,ittries
to reduce losses and increase the number of lives it can save.
Governments are racing in the fight against this virus crisis by undertaking the
task of designing social experiences, economic powers, management approaches
and priorities of the social relations they rely on, and measures and recovery
packages with the slogan of “PROBLEM GLOBAL, SOLUTION NATIONAL”.
Despitetheunknownfuture,theseeffortsandthesepackageshavealreadyreached
ascalethatwillshapeandrestructuresocietiesandeconomiesinthecomingyears.
However, mankind is not a stranger to this type of epidemics. Humanity has
facedmanyepidemicdiseasesanddisastersthroughoutitshistory.Whenitbecame
unsustainable due to the suffering caused by local or regional crises, it evolved to
new social forms or disappeared locally, depending on the level of uneven devel-
opment and productive forces and the severity of pain.
Thefactthatepidemicsthroughoutthehistoryofhumanityhavereachedglobal
dimensions in our era and are not limited to nations, local geographies, or even
continents clearly reveals that the solution of the crisis today requires a global
solidarity.
v
vi Preface
The ongoing crisis has made global connections more visible, strengthened the
vision of a more flexible society at national and regional levels, as well as once
again clearly revealed the great differences between countries’ conditions and
capacities.
For this reason, international cooperation is required to overcome the crisis and
thestruggleagainstthecrisisshouldbeatthelevelofglobalcommon dependency
and responsibility. It is an imperative rather than a necessity to direct global
investmentswherevertheyareneeded,includingthemostvulnerablecountriesand
communities.
The extent and progress of the crisis require solidarity on a global scale, but it
requires the bold implementation of the measures to determine the causes of the
crisis without delay and eliminate them without wasting time.
Today, we cannot dissociate the cause of the coronavirus epidemic, which
threatenstheentireplanet,andtookandcontinuestotakehundredsofthousandsof
lives, from the consequences of the climate crisis.
Globalclimatechangecausedbytheplunderingandlootingofthenaturalvalues
atthelevelofanuncontrolledwaragainstnatureinthesecondhalfofthetwentieth
century and afterward in an attempt to overcome its challenges by using advanced
technologywithaninexhaustibleambitionforprofitledtotheglobalcrisessuchas
coronavirus. And it seems that crises caused by corona and similar viruses are
neither the first nor the last.
Theclimatecrisisanditsconsequencesaffecttheentireplanet,causingunlimited
losses,especiallylossoflife,economiescollapse,andepidemicdiseasesthatcannot
be dealt with and threaten the future of humanity.
Extreme atmospheric events, hurricanes, tornados, irregularity of precipitation
regimes, floods, drought and desertification, melting glaciers and rising seas, large
forestfiresthatcouldnotbeextinguished,destroyedecosystems,dryinglakes,lost
water resources, polluted air, water, soil, all occur more frequently as the phe-
nomena dragging the humanity to its end.
Air pollution caused by fossil fuels, especially coal-fired power plants, spreads
over hundreds of kilometers. People living here easily get lung and other chronic
diseases and are the first target in epidemics.
The use of coal, oil, and natural gas in the transportation, industry and housing
sectors, both changes the global climate and the air pollution it creates causes the
death of millions of people every year.
Coronavirus, on the other hand, kills patients suffering from chronic diseases
(cancer,tuberculosis, heart,andlung diseases)caused by usingfossilfuel,without
the opportunity to use medication.
It is obvious that vaccination studies will last at least 1 year, due to inadequate
numberoftestsintheinitialprocessearlydiagnosishasn’tbeenpossibleandinthe
countries where preventive medicine is ignored the fight against the virus will
extend the time and increase the losses.
Preface vii
If the necessary lessons are not taken and the causes cannot be eliminated by
doing what is necessary, such crises will continue until they destroy the living
species in the universe with an increasing severity.
Increasinglossoflifeisdisruptive,andpressureoncommunitiesandeconomies
will require comprehensive strategies to eliminatecauses. A broader perspective is
neededthatseesenergy,society,economy,andtheenvironmentaspartofaunique,
integrated system.
The steps taken within the scope of the fight against the crisis, the investments
made, and the public resources spent should provide more than a rescue operation
for the existing socio-economic structures.
Now, more than ever, public policies and investment decisions must be com-
patible with a vision of sustainable and fair future, free from political concerns.
Inthecontextofcombatingtheepidemic,incentivesandimprovementmeasures
shouldencourageeconomicdevelopmentandjobcreation,promotesocialequality
and prosperity, and put the world on a climate-safe path.
The governments should resort to a renewable-energy-based energy transfor-
mation to bring a series of solutions at this difficult moment.
Decentralized technologies enable citizens and communities to participate more
in energy decisions with transformative social implications. More importantly, it
offersaprovenapproachtoremotehealthcareinenergy-poorcommunitiesandadds
a key element to the crisis response process.
Burningfossilfuels(coal,naturalgas,andpetroleum)intheatmosphere,which
are the main causes of chronic diseases, should be stopped and transition to 100%
renewable energy should take place as a permanent solution for the elimination of
epidemics and for keeping people and other living creatures free from outbreaks.
The energy transformation process should be accelerated to help revitalize
renewable technologies and industries and create new jobs.
What should be done to stop the carbon emissions, which has become a vital
necessity for humans and nature, should be applied immediately without any
excuses and “but’s”.
Air is a nature element that makes life possible and sustainable.
Water that makes life possible is a product that cannot be obtained in any way
other than what nature offers.
Soil, which gives plants life and can be cultivated, is the product of a process
corresponding to tens of thousands of years.
Foreststhatenabletheuniversetobreatheandprovidetheraintotheuniverseas
anaturaleventaretheproductsofhundredsofthousandsofyears.Fossilforestsare
worldheritageformationsthatenableustodiscovernaturalhistory.Theformation
offossilsisaprocessthattakesmillionsofyearsandmakesitpossiblethroughthe
scientific studies tohave informationabout theclimate and plant species related to
the geological times.
These natural values should never be consumed for any reason. They should
continue their existence in their natural environment and should be used based on
sustainability of life in the way the nature offers.
viii Preface
We, as the promoters of transition to 100% renewable energy who worked
together to produce this book, are trying to define the problems of conventional
energyproductionandconsumption,tofindsolutionsthatcanbeimplementedand
to develop related technologies and methodologies for effective long-term mitiga-
tion of the problems and protection of our unique common living space on Earth.
Permanent solution to prevent people from catching epidemics is to stop com-
bustion of fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and oil) in the atmosphere, which is the
main cause of chronic diseases.
We need to develop and implement Local Green Deal’s in cities and National
Green Deal’s in countries to make Global Green Deal a reality.
Istanbul, Turkey Tanay Sıdkı Uyar
Contents
Accelerating the Transition to 100% Renewable Era. But How?
Exergy Rationality in the Built Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Birol Kılkış
Role of IRENA for Global Transition to 100% Renewable Energy . . . . 51
Elisa Asmelash, Gayathri Prakash, Ricardo Gorini and Dolf Gielen
The Renewable City: The Future of Low-Carbon Living. . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Peter Droege
Assessment of Prerequisites and Impacts of a Renewable-Based
Electricity Supply in Austria by 2030. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Gustav Resch, Gerhard Totschnig, Demet Suna, Franziska Schöniger,
Jasper Geipel and Lukas Liebmann
History and Recent State of TIMES Optimization Energy Models
and Their Applications for a Transition Towards Clean Energies . . . . . 113
Kathleen Vaillancourt, Olivier Bahn and Nadia El Maghraoui
Electricity Grids for 100% Renewable Energy: Challenges
and Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Eberhard Waffenschmidt, Majid Nayeripour, Silvan Rummeny
and Christian Brosig
The Sustainable Energy Transition Cities and Local Governments
in Focus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Maryke van Staden
The Pathway to 100% Renewable Energy—A Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Rian van Staden, Filippo Boselli and Anna Leidreiter
ix