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Academic English: Theoretical and Practical Training of Graduate Students PDF

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Copyright ООО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис» Copyright ООО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис» МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «ЮЖНЫЙ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ» Т. Ю. Мкртчян Academic English: Theoretical and Practical Training of Graduate Students Учебное пособие по практикуму английского языка для студентов 4 курса Ростов-на-Дону – Таганрог Издательство Южного федерального университета 2019 Copyright ООО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис» УДК 811.11 ББК 81.2 Англ. - 922 М57 Печатается по решению кафедры лингвистики и профессиональной коммуникации Института филологии, журналистики и межкультурной коммуникации Южного федерального университета (протокол № 5 от 07.03.2019 г.) Рецензенты: доцент кафедры «Мировые языки и культуры» ДГТУ канд. фил. наук, доцент Т. М. Багдасарян; доцент кафедры межкультурной коммуникации и методики преподавания иностранных языков ИФЖиМКК ЮФУ канд. фил. наук, доцент М. В. Самофалова Мкртчян, Т. Ю. М57 Academic English: Theoretical and Practical Training of Graduate Students : учебное пособие по практикуму английского языка для студентов 4 курса / Т. Ю. Мкртчян ; Южный федеральный университет. – Ростов-на-Дону ; Таганрог : Издательство Южного федерального университета, 2019. – 138 с. ISBN 978-5-9275-3258-2 Данное учебное пособие предназначено для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов 4 курса прикладного бакалавриата Института филологии, журналистики и межкультурной коммуникации, обучающихся по направлению «45.03.02 Лингвистика», направленность «Перевод и переводоведение». Пособие направлено на развитие навыков устной и письменной речи. Особое внимание уделяется развитию навыков академического чтения и письма. Пособие разработано на компетентностно-модульной основе с интеграцией существующих программ подготовки бакалавра на основе действующего Государственного образовательного стандарта высшего образования и документа «Общеевропейские компетенции владения иностранным языком». УДК 811.11 ББК 81.2 Англ. -922 ISBN 978-5-9275-3258-2 © Южный федеральный университет, 2019  Мкртчян Т. Ю., 2019 2 Copyright ООО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис» ВВЕДЕНИЕ Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов-бакалавров 4 курса ИФЖиМКК, обучающихся по направлениям «Лингвистика» и «Филология». Пособие написано с опорой на ФГОС ВПО, документ «Общеевропейские компетенции владения иностранным языком: изучение, обучение и оценка», аутентичные учебники и словари зарубежных издательств «Pearson», «Oxford University Press», «Cambridge University Press». Учебный материал, представленный в пособии, является актуальным и ориентирован на современные языковые явления. Пособие рассчитано на применение современных образовательных технологий обучения: технологии модульного обучения, мультимедийного обучения, сетевые компьютерные технологии, балльно-рейтинговой системы оценки результатов и т.д. Пособие состоит из двух частей: теоретической части (Theoretical Training) и практической (Practical Training). Теоретическая часть пособия знакомит студентов со всеми необходимыми им правилами и приемами, моделями и особенностями академического чтения, письма и говорения, такими, например, как сочинения, эссе, интерпретация художественного текста, реферирование и аннотирование газетных и научных статей и т.д., а также с требованиями к основным видам письменных и устных работ. Практическая часть пособия представлена 3 модулями: Module 1 – Challenges, Module 2 – Communities, Module 3 – Jokes and Hoaxes. Модули построены по единой схеме, оснащены тестами рубежного контроля и заданиями для самостоятельной работы студентов и заданиями на добор баллов. Корпусная структура каждого модуля пособия представлена рядом разнообразных упражнений, направленных на развитие и совершенствование языковых компетенций по всем видам речевой деятельности – чтения, говорения, аудирования и письма. Весь мультимедийный материал, представленный в пособии размещен на сайте www.tmsfedu.ru и на электронной платформе издательства «Pearson». 3 Copyright ООО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис» УЧЕБНАЯ КАРТА Критерии оценки оценка Критерии оценки Баллы (от вида работы) «отлично» 85-100 % «хорошо» 71-84 % «удовлетворительно» 60-70% «неудовлетворительно» менее 60 % Виды контрольных мероприятий Текущий Рубежный контроль контроль Модуль 1 Challenges 20 15 1. Работа на практических занятиях 10 2. Выполнение упражнений 10 3. Сочинения, тесты 15 Модуль 2 Communities 20 15 1. Работа на практических занятиях 10 2. Выполнение упражнений 10 3. Сочинения, тесты 15 Модуль 3 Jokes and Hoaxes 20 10 1. Работа на практических занятиях 10 2. Выполнение упражнений 10 3. Сочинения, тесты 10 ВСЕГО 60 40 Бонусные 5 Участие с докладом в неделе баллы академической активности 5 Выступление с презентацией ВСЕГО 10 4 Copyright ООО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис» SECTION 1. THEORETICAL TRAINING WHAT IS ACADEMIC ENGLISH? You may be confident in using English in everyday situations, but the kind of English you need for study is rather different. It is what is known as 'Academic English', the type of English you need for reading and understanding your study materials, writing on academic subjects and for scientific purposes. Academic English is used to describe an object or situation, a process or how something works, explain something, express the relationship between ideas, etc. (4, c. 13). In everyday life the English language may be more complex, but good academic writers aim to be as clear, precise and simple as possible. They think about what their readers know already, and aim to guide them towards less familiar areas and topics. Peculiarities of Academic Style The University expects you to express your findings, opinions and arguments in ‘academic style’. The ability to write in an academic style is something you develop as part of your university study. It is difficult to give overall 'rules' on the way to write for a university course, as academic subjects 5 Copyright ООО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис» vary in their vocabulary and expressions, the types of text used (for instance essays, reports, research articles or summaries) and how these texts are structured and organised. ‘Academic style’ is not only a matter of particular words or particular grammatical features. It involves how you think, how you reason, and how you interact with what has already been discovered or argued. It is central to your studies. Aim to deepen your understanding of what it is, how it works – and how you can apply it. But English in written and oral academic tasks has distinctive features, the more important of which include three peculiarities: objectivity, formality and precision. 1. Objectivity. The goal of academic writing is to present and evaluate academic issues and to arrive at a position informed by research, not to present one’s own personal biases or preferences. - For this reason, personal pronouns, especially ‘I’, ‘You’ and ‘We’ are often avoided. However, avoiding ‘I’ does not mean you should merely report information. Your own evaluation of the material is extremely important, and can be made objective by the use of evidence or logical argumentation. - Structures that help to establish an objective ‘distance’ from the topic under discussion include the use of passive verbs, topic as subject and ‘it’ as an “empty subject”. Compare the following: You can demonstrate that global warming is a real phenomenon by studying changes in Antarctic ice layers. (Informal / subjective) Changes in Antarctic ice layers demonstrate that global warming is a real phenomenon (topic as subject) The reality of Global warming can be demonstrated by studying changes in Antarctic ice layers (use of passive verb) It can be argued / demonstrated / that... 6 Copyright ООО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис» It is evident / logical / plausible / conceivable that... (the use of ‘it’ as an ‘empty subject’) 2. Formality. Informal, everyday spoken English relies a lot on the situation and speakers to supply extra information that completes the message. For example: For this experiment, twenty subjects will do. Using formal, academic English we might write: For the experiment to be viable, twenty subjects are sufficient. In the first example, the meaning of ‘do’ is unclear. The meaning of the second example does not require interpretation or context to be understood, but has only one meaning. Intensity or emphasis is created through choice of words, and does not rely on intonation. Watch out for emphasis that can only be conveyed through tone of voice by reading your writing aloud, such of the use of ‘do’ for emphasis. Look at the following sentences. Which one relies on spoken features? This treatment does appear to work. This treatment in fact / indeed / definitely appears effective. 3. Precision: The words you choose need to demonstrate sufficient analysis of the issues involved. Compare the following two sentences. Imprecise: Most people didn’t trust the government to do the right thing about climate change, but it still changed their vote. Precise: While the majority of survey respondents professed low levels of trust in government, the link between voting intention, climate change belief, and climate-related behaviours is strong. What is wrong about the first example? Informal language in the first example makes it sound like a personal opinion. Whereas, in the second example, the writer 7 Copyright ООО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис» has specified exactly which group of people he or she is referring to, what their actions were, and the degree of strength of those actions or their outcomes. However, you do not need to supply exhaustive detail on every matter you write about. You convey your scholarly judgement by deciding exactly how much detail is required for your purposes. In the example ‘changed their vote’ might be sufficient for an essay on the subject of environmental management, where details of voter behaviour are not central. A politics essay on voter beliefs about climate change, on the other hand, might require much more detail (7, c.10). Common Mistakes to Avoid in Academic Style Avoid the following: ♦ Colloquial terms (such as ‘heaps of ...’) which are only understood locally; slang (e.g. ‘knock off’), and idioms (e.g. ‘nest egg’ - заначка, ‘snowed under’ – завален работой) because meanings are often interpreted differently by different readers. ♦ Some everyday words in English are clearly associated with an informal or ‘chatty’ spoken style. Compare: Informal word big Possible alternatives little large, great tiny small, lesser like (adverb) extremely small kind of such as e.g. ‘fruit, such as apple and kind, sort pears’ thing somewhat, to an extent, e.g. it was good successful to an extent. bad type object, concept, idea, issue 8 Copyright ООО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис» high quality, suitable, effective inadequate, unsuitable, ineffective ♦ Intensifiers, or expressions that indicate degree (really, so, absolutely; use extremely, highly, entirely, fully), are also very informal: Informal intensifiers Possible alternatives hardly, barely any, not much, not many few Pretty ’ quite, rather really very, extremely, highly, especially lots of, heaps of, plenty of several, considerable, plentiful a lot of frequently, often, extensively ♦ Informal discourse markers and link words such as besides or by the way and use incidentally instead. ♦ Vague Verbs. Certain verbs commonly used in spoken language are too vague for academic writing. Note the many possible meanings of the verb ‘to have’: ‘have a car’ – to possess, to own; ‘have a shower’ to take; ‘have a review’ – undergo, ‘have a baby’ - bear. Some other vague verbs are: get, keep, do, make, put. Possible Alternatives: obtain, receive, retrieve, become continue, retain, maintain, store complete, undertake, act construct, create, complete insert, place, position, propose. ♦ Unspecified categories: Expressions such as ‘etcetera’, ‘and so on’, ‘and so forth’, ‘and that kind of thing’ again place too much responsibility on your reader. Help your reader; name a category into which all your examples fit. For example: Tariffs, embargoes, and other protectionist laws... Similes, metaphors, personification and such literary devices... ♦ Phrasal verbs: verbs which require a preposition for meaning such as look out, get on, live down, are similarly imprecise. A single verb with the same meaning should be used. 9

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