Absorbent Technology

501 Pages·2002·25.752 MB·English

by  P.K. Chatterjee and B.S. Gupta (Eds.)

TEXTILE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 13
ABSORBENT
TECHNOLOGY
EDITED BY
P.K. CHATTERJEE
Nutech International Co.
East Brunswick, NJ 08816, USA
and
B.S. GUPTA
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
2002
)
ELSEVIER
Amsterdam - Boston - London - New York - Oxford - Paris
TEXTILE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 13
ABSORBENT
TECHNOLOGY
EDITED BY
P.K. CHATTERJEE
Nutech International Co.
East Brunswick, NJ 08816, USA
and
B.S. GUPTA
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
2002
)
ELSEVIER
Amsterdam - Boston - London - New York - Oxford - Paris
ELSEVIER SCIENCE B.V.
Sara Burgerhartstraat 25
P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
© 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
This work is protected under copyright by Elsevier Science, and the following terms and conditions apply to its use:
Photocopying
Single photocopies of single chapters may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws.
Permission of the Publisher and payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or
systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery.
Special rates are available for educational institutions that wish to make photocopies for non-profit educational
classroom use.
Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier Science Rights & Permissions Department, PO Box 800, Oxford
OX5 1DX, UK; phone: [phone], fax: [phone], e-mail: [email protected]. You may also
contact Global Rights directly through Elsevier's home page (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting 'Obtaining
Permissions'.
In the USA, users may clear permissions and make payments through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; phone: [phone], fax: [phone], and in the UK through the
Copyright Licensing Agency Rapid Clearance Service (CLARCS), 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP, UK;
phone: [phone]; fax: [phone]. Other countries may have a local reprographic rights agency for
payments.
Derivative Works
Tables of contents may be reproduced for internal circulation, but permission of Elsevier Science is required for
external resale or distribution of such material.
Permission of the Publisher is required for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations.
Electronic Storage or Usage
Permission of the Publisher is required to store or use electronically any material contained in this work, including
any chapter or part of a chapter.
Except as outlined above, no part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written
permission of the Publisher.
Address permissions requests to: Elsevier Science Rights & Permissions Department, at the mail, fax and e-mail
addresses noted above.
Notice
No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of
products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or
ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent
verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made.
First edition 2002
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record from the Library of Congress has been applied for.
ISBN: 0-444-50000-6
@~ The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).
Printed in The Netherlands.
TEXTILE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 13
ABSORBENT TECHNOLOGY
TEXTILE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Volume 1 Open-end Spinning by V.Rohlena et al.
Volume 2 Processing of Polyester Fibres by O. Pajgrt and B. Reichst&dter
Volume 3 Shuttleless Weaving Machines by 0. Talava~ek and V. Svat~/
Volume 4 Fluorescent Brightening Agents by R. Williamson
Volume 5 Polypropylene Fibres - Science and Technology by M. Ahmed
Volume 6 Production and Applications of Polypropylene Textiles by O. Pajgrt et ai.
Volume 7 Absorbency edited by P.K. Chatterjee
Volume 8 Needle Punching Textile Technology by V. Mr,~tina and F. Fejgl
Volume 9 Industrial Textiles edited by J. ,Sv6dov~
Volume 10 Modified Polyester Fibres by J. Militk~/et al.
Volume 11 Textile Processing and Properties: Preparation, Dyeing, Finishing
and Performance byT.L. Vigo
Volume 12 Chemical Technology in the Pre-treatment Processes
of Textiles by S.R. Karmakar
Volume 13 Absorbent Technology edited by P.K, Chatterjee and B.S. Gupta
Preface
During the past two decades the disposable absorbent market has grown considerably
and become highly competitive. New products appeared in the market with newly developed
materials and more sophisticated structural designs. The challenge to remain competitive in
this business primarily depends on how well the fundamental science and technology in this
field are implemented to attain the product and process innovations. This book will serve the
function of providing fundamental scientific and engineering information that are needed to
develop and bring into the market place new and innovative absorbent materials and
structures. It has all the aspects of absorbency that are essential to understanding the
attributes of any absorbent materials or composites and to designing new products with
unique characteristics.
The book contains some chapters, thoroughly revised, taken from an earlier edition
entitled "Absorbency" published in 1985 by Elsevier Science Publisher and some new
chapters that discuss more recent developments on the subject. The chapters are arranged in a
sequence that facilitates a reader to advance progressively through fundamental theories of
absorbency to more practical aspects of the technology. Each chapter provides the cun'ent
status of the technology as well as the future prospects that would stimulate further research
in the subject area. The book is intended for both the academic and the industrial scientists
and engineers engaged in research and development on absorbency and absorbent products.
Our special thanks go to individual authors of the chapters of the current book as well
as those who contributed in the previous edition. We would like to express our appreciation
to Elsevier Science Publisher for providing us with the opportunity to participate in this
publication. One of us (BSG) would like to extend his appreciation to the management of the
Department of Textiles Engineering, Chemistry and Science, College of Textiles, North
Carolina State University, for its encouragement and support.
Our acknowledgement and appreciation are also due to Dr. Sumedha Gupta Ariely for
many helpful suggestions during the review of chapters and the cooperation of Ajit Moghe
and Chad Wade in preparing many drawings and photographs and providing assistance all
along, as needed. We would like to express our sincere thanks to Mrs. Susan Olsen who
assisted us with secretarial help all through the preparation of the present manuscript.
And, finally, we take this opportunity to express our deep appreciation to our families
for their understanding and support during the course of this project that required many long
hours of activities during evenings and weekends.
East Brunswick, New Jersey Pronoy K. Chatterjee
Raleigh, North Carolina Bhupender S. Gupta
October 2001
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
vii
List of Contributors
JOHN C. BERG
Department of Chemical Engineering, Box 351750, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
98195, USA
PRONOY K. CHATTERJEE
Nutech International Co., 331 McDowell Drive, East Brunswick, NJ 08816, USA
W. M. DOANE
National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
GEORGE. F. FANTA
National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, USDA-ARS, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
BHUPENDER S. GUPTA
Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, College of Textiles, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, USA
SACH KANGOVI
Simutel Associates, P. O. Box 252, Princeton Junction, NJ 08550, USA
LUDWIG REBENFELD
TR1/Princeton, P. O. Box 625, Princeton, NJ 08542, USA
ANTHONY M. SCHWARTZ
Nutech International Co., 331 McDowell Drive, East Brunswick, NJ 08816, USA
D. K. SMITH
Smith, Johnson & Associates, 2709 Edgewood, Provo, UT 84604, USA
VIVIAN T. STANNETT
Chemical Engineering Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695,
USA
THOMAS L. STAPLES
Superabsorbents R & D, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, M148674, USA
RAYMOND A. YOUNG
Department of Forest Ecology and Management, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
53706, USA
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Contents
Preface v
List of Contributors vii
Introduction xi
Porous Structure and Liquid Flow Models
Pronoy K. Chatterjee and Bhupender S. Gupta
II. Surface Tension and Surface Energy
Anthony M. Schwartz 57
III. Fluid Absorption in High Bulk Nonwovens
Bhupender S. Gupta 93
IV. Introduction to Computational Modeling and Its Applications in Absorbent
Technology
Sach Kangovi 129
g. The Role of Surfactants
John C. Berg 149
VI. Fibers and Fibrous Materials
Ludwig Rebenfeld 199
VII. Cross-linked Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
Raymond A. Young 233
VIII. Synthetic Superabsorbents
Thomas L. Staples and Pronoy K. Chatterjee 283
IX. Polymer Grafted Cellulose and Starch
Vivian T. Stannett, G. F. Fanta, W. M. Doane and Pronoy K. Chatterjee 323
Xo Nonwovens in Absorbent Materials
Bhupender S. Gupta and D. K. Smith 349
XI. Measurement Techniques for Absorbent Materials and Products
Bhupender S. Gupta and Pronoy K. Chatterjee 389
XII. Products and Technology Perspective
Pronoy K. Chatterjee 447
Subject Index 479