Abnormal psychology PDF
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S I X T E E N T H E D I T I O N ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY James N. Butcher I Jill M. Hooley Susan Mineka I Chandra B. Dwivedi Since the dawn of civilization, humanity has been toiling hard to win over pain and disease. An incessant urge of man to understand the ramifications of anomalous mental behavior so that timely and adequate relief to the afflicted could be provided is a testimony to that effort. Publication of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of P Mental Disorders, Fifth edition (DSM-5), is the most recent effort in making available to readers and practitioners the most up-to-date information about diagnostic categories, classifications, and criteria. A S Abnormal Psychology, 16e, has been revised keeping in mind the dynamic and vibrant nature of the subject and availability of updated diagnostic system with the publication of DSM-5. In order to contextualize the YB present edition for Indian readers, either Indian case studies or Indian adaptation of Western case studies have been included. Several culture-specific modifications have been made in the text to increase familiarity CN of the Indian reader to various concept. H O NEW TO THE EDITION O Up-to-date and in-depth information about biological influences on behavioral abnormalities, while R maintaining its comprehensive and balanced biopsychosocial approach to understand abnormal behavior LM Current DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for various disorders discussed in the book O S I X T E E N T H E D I T I O N Several culture-specific modifications like the coverage of Dhat syndrome, the phenomenon or event A of spirit possession, and faith healing G Recent developments like therapies of neurofeedback for the regulation of dysfunctional L cortico-cortical arousal syndromes, such as, depression; relapse prevention strategies for bipolar Y ABNORMAL disorders, and mindfulness and acceptance; and commitment therapy for schizophrenia Views about abnormality in ancient Indian texts like the Atharva Veda and Ayurveda C o Discussion on yoga and meditation, and their role in the management of psychopathology ver Im Policies and legislation of mental health in India, including the Mental Health Act, 1987 age: A PSYCHOLOGY sya Lyso gorskaya. Sh SIEXDTIETEIONNTH u ttersto ck James N. Butcher Butcher www.pearson.co.in Jill M. Hooley Hooley Susan Mineka Mineka Chandra B. Dwivedi This edition is manufactured in India and is authorized for sale only Dwivedi in India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Size:203x254mm Spine: 29mm ISBN: 9789332579408 Title Sub Title Edition Authors / Editors Name With CD Red Band Territory line URL Price mQuest psycholosixteegnth edyition James N. Butcher University of Minnesota Jill m. hooley Harvard University susaN miNeka Northwestern University chaNdra B. dwivedi Banaras Hindu University F01 Abnormal Psychology 16 9408.indd 1 11/9/2016 4:02:10 PM Copyright © 2017 Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd Published by Pearson India Education Services Pvt. Ltd, CIN: U72200TN2005PTC057128, formerly known as TutorVista Global Pvt. Ltd, licensee of Pearson Education in South Asia. No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the publisher’s prior written consent. This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version. The publisher reserves the right to remove any material in this eBook at any time. ISBN 978-93-325-7940-8 eISBN 978-93-325-8746-5 Head Office: 15th Floor, Tower-B, World Trade Tower, Plot No. 1, Block-C, Sector 16, Noida 201 301, Uttar Pradesh, India. Registered Office: 4th Floor, Software Block, Elnet Software City,TS 140, Blocks 2 & 9, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Taramani,Chennai 600 113, Tamil Nadu, India. Fax: 080-30461003, Phone: 080-30461060 www.pearson.co.in, Email: [email protected] F01 Abnormal Psychology 16 9408.indd 2 11/9/2016 4:02:10 PM brief 1 Abnormal Psychology: An Overview 1 2 Historical and Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior 26 3 Causal Factors and Viewpoints 50 4 Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis 93 5 Stress and Physical and Mental Health 120 6 Panic, Anxiety, Obsessions, and Their Disorders 153 7 Mood Disorders and Suicide 197 8 Somatic Symptom and Dissociative Disorders 247 9 Eating Disorders and Obesity 276 10 Personality Disorders 306 11 Substance-Related Disorders 345 12 Sexual Variants, Abuse, and Dysfunctions 381 13 Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders 415 14 Neurocognitive Disorders 453 15 Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence (Neurodevelopmental Disorders) 477 16 Therapy 515 17 Contemporary and Legal Issues in Abnormal Psychology 548 iii F01 Abnormal Psychology 16 9408.indd 3 11/9/2016 4:02:11 PM This page is intentionally left blank F01 Abnormal Psychology 16 9408.indd 4 11/9/2016 4:02:11 PM Features xv Preface xix about the authors xxiii 1 Abnormal Psychology: Retrospective Versus Prospective Strategies 19 An Overview 1 Manipulating Variables: The Experimental Method in Abnormal Psychology 20 What do We mean by Abnormality? 3 Studying the Effi cacy of Therapy 20 The Dsm-5 and the Defi nition of Mental Disorder 5 developments in ReseaRch: do magnets help with repetitive-stress injury? 22 the WORLD around us extreme Generosity or Pathological Behavior? 5 Single-Case Experimental Designs 22 Animal Research 23 ThINKING cRITIcaLLy about DsM-5: what is the DSM and why was it revised? 6 UNResOLveD issues Why Do We Need to Classify Mental Disorders? 7 are we all Becoming mentally ill? the expanding horizons of mental disorder 24 What Are the Disadvantages of Classifi cation? 7 summary 25 key terms 25 How Can We Reduce Prejudicial Attitudes Toward the Mentally Ill? 8 How Does Culture Affect What Is Considered Abnormal? 8 2 Historical and the WORLD around us Contemporary Views of stigma of abnormality in india: abnormality is Nothing but Being haunted by evil spirits 9 Abnormal Behavior 26 Culture-Specifi c Disorders 10 historical views of Abnormal Behavior 27 how Common Are mental disorders? 10 Demonology, Gods, and Magic 27 Prevalence and Incidence 10 Hippocrates’ Early Medical Concepts 28 Prevalence Estimates for Mental Disorders 11 Early Philosophical Conceptions of Consciousness 28 Prevalence of Mental Disorders in India 12 developments in ThINKING: Treatment 12 melancholia through the ages 29 Mental Health Professionals 12 Later Greek and Roman Thought 29 research Approaches in Abnormal Psychology 13 Early Views of Mental Disorders in China 30 sources of information 13 Ancient Indian Classifi cation of Mental Disorders 30 Case Studies 13 Views of Abnormality During the Middle Ages 31 Self-Report Data 14 toward humanitarian Approaches 32 Observational Approaches 14 The Resurgence of Scientifi c Questioning in Europe 32 Forming and testing hypotheses 15 The Establishment of Early Asylums 33 Sampling and Generalization 15 Humanitarian Reform 34 Internal and External Validity 16 Nineteenth-Century Views of the Causes and Criterion and Comparison Groups 16 Treatment of Mental Disorders 37 Changing Attitudes Toward Mental Health research designs 17 in the Early Twentieth Century 37 Studying the World as It Is: Correlational Mental Hospital Care in the Twentieth Century 37 Research Designs 17 the WORLD around us Measuring Correlation 17 chaining mental health Patients 38 Statistical Signifi cance 18 the emergence of Contemporary views Effect Size 18 of Abnormal Behavior 39 Meta-Analysis 19 Biological Discoveries: Establishing the Link Correlations and Causality 19 Between the Brain and Mental Disorder 39 v F01 Abnormal Psychology 16 9408.indd 5 11/9/2016 4:02:12 PM The Development of a Classifi cation System 40 sociocultural Causal Factors 87 Development of the Psychological Basis of Low Socioeconomic Status and Unemployment 87 Mental Disorder 41 Prejudice and Discrimination in Race, developments in ReseaRch: Gender, and Ethnicity 88 the search for medications to cure mental disorders 42 Social Change and Uncertainty 88 The Evolution of the Psychological Research Urban Stressors: Violence and Homelessness 88 Tradition: Experimental Psychology 44 the WORLD around us UNResOLveD issues culture and attachment relationships 89 interpreting historical events 47 The Impact of the Sociocultural Viewpoint 89 summary 48 key terms 49 UNResOLveD issues theoretical viewpoints and the causes of abnormal Behavior 90 3 Causal Factors summary 91 key terms 92 and Viewpoints 50 Causes and risk Factors for Abnormal Behavior 51 4 Clinical Assessment Necessary, Suffi cient, and Contributory Causes 51 and Diagnosis 93 Feedback and Bidirectionality in Abnormal Behavior 52 the Basic elements in Assessment 94 Diathesis-Stress Models 53 The Relationship Between Assessment and Diagnosis 95 viewpoints for understanding the Causes Taking a Social or Behavioral History 95 of Abnormal Behavior 55 Ensuring Culturally Sensitive Assessment Procedures 95 the Biological viewpoint and Biological The Infl uence of Professional Orientation 96 Causal Factors 55 Reliability, Validity, and Standardization 97 Imbalances of Neurotransmitters and Hormones 56 Trust and Rapport Between the Clinician and the Client 97 Genetic Vulnerabilities 58 Physical Assessment 98 developments in ThINKING: Nature, Nurture, and Psychopathology: The General Physical Examination 98 a New look at an old topic 62 The Neurological Examination 98 Temperament 63 The Neuropsychological Examination 100 Brain Dysfunction and Neural Plasticity 63 Psychosocial Assessment 101 The Impact of the Biological Viewpoint 64 Assessment Interviews 101 the Psychological viewpoints 65 The Clinical Observation of Behavior 102 The Psychodynamic Perspectives 65 Psychological Tests 103 The Behavioral Perspective 70 developments in PRacTIce: developments in ThINKING: the automated Practice: use of the computer the humanistic and existential Perspectives 72 in Psychological testing 103 The Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective 74 the Case of Andrea C.: experiencing What the Adoption of a Perspective violence in the Workplace 109 Does and Does Not Do 76 developments in PRacTIce: Psychological Causal Factors 77 computer-Based mmPi-2 report for andrea c. 111 Early Deprivation or Trauma 78 the integration of Assessment data 113 Inadequate Parenting Styles 80 Ethical Issues in Assessment 113 Marital Discord and Divorce 82 Classifying Abnormal Behavior 114 Domestic Violence 82 Differing Models of Classifi cation 114 Maladaptive Peer Relationships 83 Formal Diagnostic Classifi cation of Mental Disorders 115 the sociocultural viewpoint 85 ThINKING cRITIcaLLy about DsM-5: Uncovering Sociocultural Factors Through completion does Not assure acceptance 118 Cross-Cultural Studies 85 summary 119 key terms 119 vi coNteNts F01 Abnormal Psychology 16 9408.indd 6 11/9/2016 4:02:13 PM the WORLD around us 5 Stress and Physical and does Playing tetris after a traumatic Mental Health 120 event reduce Flashbacks? 147 Treatment for Stress Disorders 148 What is stress? 121 Psychological Debriefi ng 148 Stress and the Dsm 122 the WORLD around us Factors Predisposing a Person to Stress 122 virtual reality exposure treatment for Ptsd in military Personnel 149 Characteristics of Stressors 123 Challenges in Studying Disaster Victims 150 Measuring Life Stress 123 Trauma and Physical Health 150 Resilience 124 UNResOLveD issues stress and the stress response 124 why is the study of trauma so contentious? 151 Biological Costs of Stress 125 summary 151 key terms 152 The Mind–Body Connection 125 Understanding the Immune System 125 6 Panic, Anxiety, Stress, Depression, and the Immune System 127 Obsessions, stress ANd PhysiCAl heAlth 128 and Their Disorders 153 Cardiovascular disease 128 Hypertension 129 the Fear and Anxiety response Patterns 155 Coronary Heart Disease 130 Fear 155 Risk and Causal Factors in Cardiovascular Disease 130 ThINKING cRITIcaLLy about DsM-5: the WORLD around us why is ocd No longer considered to racial discrimination and cardiovascular Be an anxiety disorder? 155 health in african americans 133 Anxiety 156 treatment of stress-related Physical overview of the Anxiety disorders disorders 134 and their Commonalities 156 Biological Interventions 134 specifi c Phobias 157 Psychological Interventions 134 Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences 158 stress ANd meNtAl heAlth 136 Psychological Causal Factors 159 Adjustment Disorder 136 Biological Causal Factors 161 Adjustment Disorder Caused by Unemployment 136 Treatments 161 Posttraumatic stress disorder 137 social Phobias 162 Criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 137 Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender ThINKING cRITIcaLLy about DsM-5: Differences 162 changes to the diagnostic criteria for Ptsd 138 Criteria for Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) 163 Acute Stress Disorder 139 Psychological Causal Factors 164 Clinical Description 139 Biological Causal Factors 165 Prevalence of PTSD in the General Population 140 Treatments 165 Rates of PTSD After Traumatic Experiences 140 Panic Disorder 166 Causal Factors in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 144 Criteria for Panic Disorder 167 Individual Risk Factors 144 Agoraphobia 168 Sociocultural Factors 145 Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences 168 Long-Term Effects of Posttraumatic Stress 146 Criteria for Agoraphobia 169 Prevention and treatment of stress Comorbidity with Other Disorders 169 disorders 147 The Timing of a First Panic Attack 170 Prevention 147 Biological Causal Factors 170 coNteNts vii F01 Abnormal Psychology 16 9408.indd 7 11/9/2016 4:02:14 PM Psychological Causal Factors 172 Dysthymic Disorder (Persistent Depressive Disorder) 202 developments in ReseaRch: developments in ThINKING: Nocturnal Panic attacks 174 a New dsm-5 diagnosis: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder 202 Treatments 175 Criteria for Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia) 203 Generalized Anxiety disorder 176 Major Depressive Disorder 204 Criteria for Generalised Anxiety Disorder 177 Causal Factors in unipolar mood disorders 207 Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences 177 Biological Causal Factors 207 Comorbidity with Other Disorders 178 Psychological Causal Factors 212 Psychological Causal Factors 178 developments in ReseaRch: Biological Causal Factors 180 why do sex differences in unipolar depression Treatments 181 emerge during adolescence? 220 Bipolar and related disorders 222 obsessive-Compulsive and related Cyclothymic Disorder 222 disorders 182 Criteria for Cyclothymic Disorder 223 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 182 Bipolar Disorders (I and II) 223 Criteria for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 183 Causal Factors in Bipolar disorders 226 Prevalence, Age of Onset, and Gender Differences 184 Biological Causal Factors 226 Comorbidity with Other Disorders 184 Psychological Causal Factors 228 Psychological Causal Factors 185 sociocultural Factors Affecting unipolar Biological Causal Factors 186 and Bipolar disorders 229 Treatments 188 Cross-Cultural Differences in Depressive Symptoms 229 Body Dysmorphic Disorder 189 Cross-Cultural Differences in Prevalence 229 Criteria for Body Dysmorphic Disorder 190 treatments and outcomes 230 Hoarding Disorder 192 Pharmacotherapy 230 Trichotillomania 193 Alternative Biological Treatments 232 Cultural Perspectives 193 Psychotherapy 233 Cultural Differences in Sources of Worry 194 suicide: the Clinical Picture and Taijin Kyofusho 194 the Causal Pattern 236 UNResOLveD issues Who Attempts and Who Commits Suicide? 237 the choice of treatments: medications or Suicide in Children 237 cognitive-Behavior therapy? 195 Suicide in Adolescents and Young Adults 237 summary 195 key terms 196 Other Psychosocial Factors Associated with Suicide 238 the WORLD around us warning signs for student suicide 239 7 Mood Disorders Biological Causal Factors 239 and Suicide 197 Sociocultural Factors 240 suicidal Ambivalence 241 mood disorders: An overview 198 Communication of Suicidal Intent 241 Types of Mood Disorders 198 Suicide Notes 242 Criteria for Major Depressive Disorder 199 suicide Prevention and intervention 242 Criteria for Manic Episode 200 Treatment of Mental Disorders 242 The Prevalence of Mood Disorders 200 Crisis Intervention 242 unipolar depressive disorders 200 Focus on High-Risk Groups and Other Measures 243 Other Forms of Depression 201 UNResOLveD issues ThINKING cRITIcaLLy about DsM-5: is there a right to die? 243 was it wise to drop the Bereavement exclusion for major depression? 201 summary 245 key terms 246 viii coNteNts F01 Abnormal Psychology 16 9408.indd 8 11/9/2016 4:02:14 PM Binge Eating Disorder 281 8 Somatic Symptom and Criteria for Binge-Eating Disorder 281 Dissociative Age of Onset and Gender Differences 282 Disorders 247 ThINKING cRITIcaLLy about DsM-5: other Forms of eating disorders 283 somatic symptom and related disorders 248 Prevalence of Eating Disorders 283 Somatic Symptom Disorders 249 Medical Complications of Eating Disorders 284 Hypochondriasis 249 Course and Outcome 285 Criteria for Somatic Symptom Disorder 249 Diagnostic Crossover 285 Somatization Disorder 252 Association of Eating Disorders With Other Pain Disorder 253 Forms of Psychopathology 286 Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Eating Disorders Across Cultures 286 Symptom Disorder) 254 risk and Causal Factors in eating Criteria for Illness Anxiety Disorder 254 disorders 288 Criteria for Conversion disorder 255 Biological Factors 288 Distinguishing Somatization, Pain, and Conversion Sociocultural Factors 289 Disorders from Malingering and Factitious Disorder 257 Family Infl uences 290 Criteria for Factitious Disorder 258 Individual Risk Factors 290 dissociative disorders 258 treatment of eating disorders 293 the WORLD around us Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa 293 Factitious disorder imposed on another (munchausen’s syndrome by Proxy) 259 Treatment of Bulimia Nervosa 295 Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder 260 Treatment of Binge Eating Disorder 296 Criteria for Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder 261 the Problem of obesity 296 Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Fugue 261 Yogic Management of Obesity 297 Criteria for Dissociative Amnesia 262 Medical Issues 297 Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) 263 Defi nition and Prevalence 297 ThINKING cRITIcaLLy about DsM-5: Weight Stigma 297 where does conversion disorder Belong? 264 the WORLD around us Criteria for Dissociative Identity Disorder 265 do Negative messages about Being overweight the WORLD around us encourage overweight People to eat more or less? 298 did, schizophrenia, and split Personality: Obesity and the Dsm 298 clearing up the confusion 266 risk and Causal Factors in obesity 298 Sociocultural Factors in Dissociative Disorders 271 The Role of Genes 298 Treatment and Outcomes in Dissociative Disorders 272 Hormones Involved in Appetite and Weight UNResOLveD issues Regulation 299 did and the reality of “recovered memories” 273 Sociocultural Infl uences 299 summary 275 key terms 275 Family Infl uences 300 Stress and “Comfort Food” 301 Pathways to Obesity 301 9 Eating Disorders treatment of obesity 302 and Obesity 276 Lifestyle Modifi cations 302 Clinical Aspects of eating disorders 277 Medications 303 Anorexia Nervosa 277 Bariatric Surgery 303 Criteria for Anorexia Nervosa 278 The Importance of Prevention 304 Bulimia Nervosa 280 summary 304 key terms 305 Criteria for Bulimia Nervosa 280 coNteNts ix F01 Abnormal Psychology 16 9408.indd 9 11/9/2016 4:02:15 PM
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