Abnormal Psychology

736 Pages·2018·22.468 MB·English

by  Ann M. Kring, Sheri L. Johnson, Michael Kyrios, Daniel Fassnacht, Amanda Lambros, Maree Teesson

A B N O R M A L
P S YC H O LO GY
FIRST AUSTRALASIAN EDITION | KRING

Abnormal
psychology
1ST EDITION
Ann M. Kring
Michael Kyrios
Daniel Fassnacht
Amanda Lambros
Tijana Mihaljcic
Maree Teesson
First edition published 2018 by
John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd
42 McDougall Street, Milton Qld 4064
Typeset in 10/12pt Times LT Std
© John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd 2018
Authorised adaptation of Ann M. Kring, Abnormal psychology, 13th edition
(ISBN 978 1 118 595398 3), published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Hoboken,
United States. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. All rights reserved.
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted.
National Library of Australia
Cataloguing-in-Publication entry
Creator: Kring, Ann M., author.
Title: Abnormal psychology / [and 16 others]
ISBN: 978 0 73034462 9 (ebook)
Subjects: Psychology, Pathological.
Schizophrenia.
Antisocial personality disorders.
Other
contributors: Ann Kring, Michael Kyrios, Daniel Fassnacht, Amanda Lambros,
Tijana Mihaljcic, Maree Teesson, Mandy Matthewson, Emma Morton,
Mary-Anne Kate, Anthony Harris, Zahra Izadikhah, Adina Piosevana,
Lynda Crowley-Cyr, Andrew Baillie, Louise Mewton, Luke Johnson,
Warwick Middleton.
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
About the authors vii CHAPTER 2
Diagnosis and assessment 88
CHAPTER 1
Introduction 89
Introduction to abnormal
2.1 Cornerstones of diagnosis and
psychology 1 assessment 90
Reliability 90
Introduction 2 Validity 91
1.1 The basic features of psychological 2.2 The diagnostic system of the American
disorder 3 Psychiatric Association: DSM‐5 94
What is psychological disorder? 3 Changes in DSM‐5 97
1.2 Stigma associated with psychological Ethnic and cultural considerations in diagnosis 99
disorders and its historical context 6 Specific criticisms of the DSM 104
Stigma and mental health 6 2.3 Psychological assessment 108
The historical context 8 Clinical interviews 109
Assessment of stress 112
1.3 Early psychological approaches
Personality tests 115
to psychopathology 10
Intelligence tests 120
1.4 The genetic paradigm 16
Behavioural and cognitive assessment 122
Behaviour genetics 19
2.4 Neurobiological assessment 126
Molecular genetics 21
Brain imaging: ‘seeing’ the brain 126
Gene–environment interactions 23
Neurotransmitter assessment 129
Evaluating the genetic paradigm 25
Neuropsychological assessment 130
1.5 The neuroscience paradigm 26 Psychophysiological assessment 131
Neurons and neurotransmitters 26 A cautionary note about neurobiological
Structure and function of the human brain 29 assessment 133
The neuroendocrine system 32 2.5 Cultural and ethnic diversity and
The immune system 33 assessment 134
Cultural bias in assessment 134
Neuroscience approaches to treatment 35
Strategies for avoiding cultural bias in
Evaluating the neuroscience paradigm 38
assessment 136
1.6 The cognitive–behavioural paradigm 39
Influences from behaviour therapy 39 CHAPTER 3
Cognition 44 Mood disorders 146
Cognitive–behavioural therapy 48
Introduction 147
Beck’s cognitive therapy 49
3.1 Clinical descriptions and epidemiology of
The Third Wave of cognitive therapies 52
mood disorders 147
Evaluating the cognitive–behavioural
Depressive disorders 147
paradigm 53
Epidemiology and consequences of depressive
1.7 Factors that cut across the paradigms 53
disorders 152
Emotion and psychopathology 53
Bipolar disorders 155
Sociocultural factors and psychopathology 55 Epidemiology and consequences of bipolar
Interpersonal factors and psychopathology 60 disorders 159
Attachment and the concept of the self in Subtypes of depressive disorders and bipolar
psychopathology 64 disorders 161
1.8 Integration across multiple levels of 3.2 Aetiology of mood disorders 162
analysis: the diathesis–stress integrative Genetic factors 163
paradigm 66 Neurotransmitters 164
Social factors in depression: childhood adversity, 4.6 Aetiology of the obsessive‐compulsive and
life events and interpersonal difficulties 169 related disorders 249
Psychological factors in depression 170 Aetiology of obsessive‐compulsive disorder 250
Social and psychological factors in bipolar Aetiology of body dysmorphic disorder 251
disorder 175 Aetiology of hoarding disorder 251
3.3 Treatment of mood disorders 176 4.7 Treatment of the obsessive‐compulsive and
Psychological treatment of depression 177 related disorders 252
Psychological treatment of bipolar disorder 180 Medications 252
Biological treatment of mood disorders 181 Psychological treatment 252
Comparing treatments for major depressive 4.8 Post‐traumatic stress disorder and acute
disorder 184 stress disorder 255
A final note on treatment 186 Clinical description and epidemiology of
3.4 Suicide 187 post‐traumatic stress disorder and acute
Epidemiology of suicide and suicide stress disorder 256
attempts 188 Aetiology of post‐traumatic stress disorder 258
Risk factors for suicide 190 4.9 Treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder
Preventing suicide 193 and acute stress disorder 261
Medication treatment of PTSD 261
CHAPTER 4 Psychological treatment of PTSD 262
Anxiety, obsessive‐compulsive
CHAPTER 5
and trauma‐related
Dissociative disorders, and
disorders 211
somatic symptom and related
Introduction 212
disorders 279
4.1 Clinical descriptions of the anxiety
disorders 213 Introduction 280
Specific phobias 214 5.1 Dissociative disorders 281
Social anxiety disorder 216 Depersonalisation/derealisation disorder 283
Panic disorder 218 Dissociative amnesia 285
Agoraphobia 220 Dissociative identity disorder 290
Generalised anxiety disorder 221 Other specified dissociative disorder 295
4.2 Comorbidity, gender and culture in 5.2 Somatic symptom and related disorders 296
anxiety disorders 222 Neurobiological and cognitive factors that increase
Comorbidity in anxiety disorders 222 awareness of and distress over somatic
Gender and cultural factors in anxiety symptoms 299
disorders 222 Treatment of somatic symptom and related
4.3 Aetiology of anxiety disorders 225 disorders 300
Common risk factors across the anxiety Somatic symptom disorder 300
disorders 225 Illness anxiety disorder 303
Aetiology of specific phobias 230 Conversion disorder 306
Aetiology of social anxiety disorder 232 Factitious disorder 308
Aetiology of panic disorder 233
Aetiology of agoraphobia 237 CHAPTER 6
Aetiology of generalised anxiety disorder 237 Schizophrenia 319
4.4 Treatments of the anxiety disorders 238
Introduction 320
Commonalities across psychological
treatments 238 6.1 Clinical descriptions of schizophrenia 321
4.5 Obsessive‐compulsive and related Positive symptoms 321
disorders 241 Negative symptoms 326
Clinical descriptions of the obsessive‐compulsive Disorganised symptoms 327
and related disorders 242 Cognition 329
iv CONTENTS
Anxiety and depression 330 Sociocultural factors 454
Schizophrenia and the DSM‐5 331 Other factors contributing to the aetiology of
6.2 Aetiology of schizophrenia 333 eating disorders 460
Genetic factors 333 8.3 Treatment of eating disorders 463
6.3 The role of neurotransmitters 338 Psychological treatment of anorexia nervosa 463
Dopamine theory 338 Psychological treatment of bulimia nervosa 464
Brain structure and function 339 Psychological treatment of binge-eating disorder 465
Connectivity in the brain 343 Medications 466
6.4 Environmental factors influencing the Preventive interventions for eating disorders 466
developing brain 344
Psychological factors 345 CHAPTER 9
Developmental factors 348 Sexual disorders 480
6.5 Treatment of schizophrenia 349
Medications 350 Introduction 481
Psychological treatments 354 9.1 Sexual norms and behaviour 481
Gender and sexuality 485
The sexual response cycle 486
CHAPTER 7
9.2 Sexual dysfunctions 487
Substance use disorders 375
Clinical descriptions of sexual dysfunctions 488
Introduction 376 Aetiology of sexual dysfunctions 494
7.1 Clinical descriptions, prevalence and effects of Treatments of sexual dysfunctions 497
substance use disorders 376 9.3 The paraphilic disorders 502
Alcohol use disorder 379 Fetishistic disorder 504
Tobacco use disorder 383 Paedophilic disorder and incest 505
Cannabis 386 Voyeuristic disorder 508
Opiates 390 Exhibitionistic disorder 508
Stimulants 393 Frotteuristic disorder 509
Other illicit drugs 397 Sexual sadism and masochism disorders 509
7.2 Aetiology of substance use disorders 399 Aetiology of the paraphilic disorders 512
Genetic factors 400 Treatments for the paraphilic disorders 514
Neurobiological factors 400
Psychological factors 402 CHAPTER 10
Sociocultural factors 404 Disorders of childhood 528
7.3 Treatment of substance use disorders 407
Treatment of alcohol use disorder 407 Introduction 529
Treatments for smoking 411 10.1 Classification and diagnosis of
childhood disorders 530
Treatment of drug use disorders 413
10.2 Externalising disorders 532
7.4 Prevention of substance use disorders 418
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder 532
CHAPTER 8 Conduct disorder 540
10.3 Depression and anxiety in children
Eating disorders 434
and adolescents 549
Introduction 435 Depression 549
8.1 Clinical descriptions of eating disorders 436 Anxiety 553
Anorexia nervosa 436 10.4 Specific learning disorder 561
Bulimia nervosa 441 Clinical descriptions 561
Binge‐eating disorder 443 Aetiology of specific learning disorder 562
8.2 Aetiology of eating disorders 448 Treatment of specific learning disorder 565
Genetic factors 448 10.5 Intellectual disability 565
Neurobiological factors 449 Diagnosis and assessment of intellectual
Cognitive–behavioural factors 451 disability 566
CONTENTS v
Aetiology of intellectual disability 567 Schizotypal personality disorder 652
Treatment of intellectual disability 569 12.4 Clinical description and aetiology of the
10.6 Autism spectrum disorder 572 dramatic/erratic cluster 653
Clinical descriptions, prevalence and prognosis Antisocial personality disorder: clinical
of autism spectrum disorder 572 description 653
Comorbidity and ASD 576 Psychopathy: clinical description 654
Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder 577 Borderline personality disorder 658
Prognosis for autism spectrum disorder 577 Histrionic personality disorder 662
Aetiology of autism spectrum disorder 577 Narcissistic personality disorder 662
Treatment of autism spectrum disorder 580 12.5 Clinical description and aetiology of the
anxious/fearful cluster 666
CHAPTER 11 Avoidant personality disorder 666
Dependent personality disorder 667
Late life and neurocognitive
Obsessive‐compulsive personality disorder 668
disorders 599
12.6 Treatment of personality disorders 670
Introduction 600 General approaches to the treatment of
personality disorders 670
11.1 Ageing: issues and methods 600
Myths about late life 601 Treatment of schizotypal personality disorder and
avoidant personality disorder 671
The problems experienced in late life 602
Treatment of borderline personality
Research methods in the study of ageing 604
disorder 672
11.2 Psychological disorders in late life 606
Estimating the prevalence of psychological
CHAPTER 13
disorders in late life 606
Methodological issues in estimating the Legal and ethical issues 684
prevalence of psychopathology 608
Introduction 685
11.3 Neurocognitive disorders in late life 609
13.1 Mental health and the criminal
Dementia 609
justice system 686
Delirium 626
The insanity defence 687
Landmark cases and laws 688
CHAPTER 12
The Mental Health Court 691
Personality and personality Magistrates Courts 693
disorders 640 Highly publicised trials and public
perception 694
Introduction 641 13.2 Fitness to stand trial 694
12.1 The DSM‐5 approach to classification 642 Victims of unlawful acts 696
Assessment of DSM‐5 personality disorders 644
13.3 Civil commitment 697
Problems with the DSM‐5 approach to Preventive detention and problems in the
personality disorders 645 prediction of dangerousness 699
Alternative DSM‐5 model for personality Deinstitutionalisation, civil liberties and
disorders 646 mental health 709
12.2 Common risk factors across the 13.4 Ethical dilemmas in therapy and
personality disorders 648 research 710
12.3 Clinical description and aetiology of the Ethical restraints on research 711
odd/eccentric cluster 650
Informed consent 712
Paranoid personality disorder 651
Confidentiality and ethical limits 714
Schizoid personality disorder 651
vi CONTENTS
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Ann M. Kring
Ann M. Kring is Professor of Psychology at the University of California at Berkeley, where she is a former
Director of the Clinical Science Program and Psychology Clinic. She received her BS from Ball State Uni-
versity and her MA and PhD from the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Her internship in clinical
psychology was completed at Bellevue Hospital and Kirby Forensic Psychiatric Center, in New York. From
1991 to 1998, she taught at Vanderbilt University. She received a Distinguished Teaching Award from UC
Berkeley in 2008. Ann is on the editorial board of Schizophrenia Bulletin, Journal of Abnormal Psychology
and Psychological Science in the Public Interest, an Associate Editor for Applied and Preventive Psychology
and a former Associate Editor for Journal of Abnormal Psychology and Cognition and Emotion. She is a
former member of the Executive Board of the International Society for Research on Emotion.
Ann has won several awards, including a Young Investigator Award from the National Alliance for
Research on Schizophrenia and Depression in 1997 and the Joseph Zubin Memorial Fund Award in
recognition of her research in schizophrenia in 2006. In 2005, she was named a fellow of the Association
for Psychological Science. Her research has been supported by grants from the Scottish Rite Schizo-
phrenia Research program, the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression and the
National Institute of Mental Health. She is a co-editor (with Denise Sloan) of the book Emotion Reg-
ulation and Psychopathology (Guilford Press) and is the author on more than 70 articles and chapters.
Ann’s current research focus is on emotion and psychopathology, with a specific interest in the emo-
tional features of schizophrenia, assessing negative symptoms in schizophrenia and the linkage between
cognition and emotion in schizophrenia.
Michael Kyrios
Professor Michael Kyrios is Director of the Research School of Psychology at the Australian National
University. His previous academic and clinical roles have included the Department of Psychiatry
at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology at the University
of Melbourne and the Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre at Swinburne University.
Professor Kyrios’s clinical and research interests focus on obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders,
including obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, compulsive hoarding and buying,
and body-focused repetitive behaviour disorders. He is particularly interested in evidence-based psycho-
logical treatments for these disorders, inclusive of digitally delivered treatments. Professor Kyrios has
over 150 published journal articles and has given invited keynotes and workshops nationally and inter-
nationally. He has received over $18 million in grant funding and is a consultant to government in his
expert fields. Professor Kyrios was Scientific Chair for the 2010 International Congress of Applied Psy-
chology and the 2016 World Congress of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies. He served as President
of the Australian Psychological Society from 2014–2016, and was elected a Fellow in 2007. He was
also elected an Inaugural Fellow of the Australian Association of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in 2016.
Professor Kyrios received the 2011 Citation for Excellence from the American Psychological Associa-
tion and the 2013 Ian M Campbell Memorial Prize in Clinical Psychology from the Australian Psycho-
logical Society.
Daniel Fassnacht
Daniel Fassnacht is a Research Fellow at the Research School of Psychology at the Australian National
University. In 2011 he was awarded a PhD in Psychology from the University of Tübingen, Germany,
and the University of Minho, Portugal.
Daniel has extensive teaching experience in a wide range of psychology subjects in both under-
graduate and postgraduate courses. He has held academic appointments in Germany, Portugal, Singapore
ABOUT THE AUTHORS vii
and Australia (University of Canberra and the Australian National University). Daniel holds a Graduate
Certificate of Education (Tertiary Teaching) from James Cook University and has gained expertise in
curriculum development and blended learning. Daniel’s research spans from health to clinical psychology
including depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorders, eating disorders and obesity. He has a
special interest in the use of e-mental health applications to prevent and treat psychological disorders.
Amanda Lambros
Amanda Lambros is a Clinical Fellow in the Faculty of Health Sciences at Curtin University and a prac-
tising clinical counsellor and supervisor. She has completed a BHSc in Health Sciences at the University
of Western Ontario (2001), a Postgraduate Diploma of Ethics (2002), a Master of Forensic Sexology
(2004) and a Master of Counselling (2014). Amanda coordinates and lectures in evidence-informed
health practice to more than 3200 students annually. Amanda’s private practice focuses on couples and
grief and loss. Providing her clients with the most up-to-date and evidence-based care is imperative to
her, and she has a strong focus on evidence-based practice, ethics and communication.
Amanda has extensive experience in teaching and speaking in Australia and overseas, in innovative
teaching and evidence-based approaches and program development for health science courses. Before
joining Curtin University, she held academic appointments at Curtin College, University of Southern
Queensland and Griffith University. Amanda is a Certified Professional Speaker (CSP) who helps organ-
isations understand ‘evidence’ and the power of communication to apply strategies to improve the
underlying structure of their businesses. More recently, her speaking and consulting activities have been
concentrated in the area of relationships, innovation, communication and engagement sectors all from an
evidence-based perspective.
Tijana Mihaljcic
Dr Tijana Mihaljcic is a published academic and practising clinical neuropsychologist. Tijana combines
research and academic involvement with clinical practice on a weekly basis. She is passionate about using
assessment to guide diagnosis, rehabilitation and management, ultimately leading to better client outcomes.
Dr Mihaljcic is a clinician in a Melbourne hospital and works with individuals diagnosed with a
range of disorders including traumatic brain injury, stroke, neurodegenerative disorders, chronic pain and
various psychiatric disorders. Her assessment findings are used to inform diagnosis and tailor interven-
tions, delivering meaningful feedback to the client and their family.
Tijana’s research interests include self-awareness, falls, elder financial abuse and memory rehabilita-
tion post stroke. Her research has been published in peer-reviewed journals. Dr Mihaljcic also lectures
at Monash University, where she is able to provide her students with up to date research and draw upon
her experience as a clinician.
Maree Teesson
Professor Maree Teesson is Director at the NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Mental Health and
Substance Use (CREMS); NHMRC Principal Research Fellow at the National Drug and Alcohol Research
Centre (NDARC); Professorial Fellow at the Black Dog Institute, UNSW; Fellow at the Australian
Academy of Health and Medical Sciences; and Fellow at the Australian Academy of Social Sciences.
Maree’s vision is to build the world’s leading dedicated translational research program for the preven-
tion and treatment of comorbid mental health and substance abuse. She seeks to increase our under-
standing of drug and alcohol and mental disorders, prevent these where possible and improve treatment
responses. Maree has made a substantial contribution to medical research with over 280 research articles,
reviews, book chapters and books. The innovation of her research has been recognised through leader-
ship of over 90 grants totalling over $44 million.
Mandy Matthewson
Dr Mandy Matthewson is a clinical psychologist and has been practising since 2005. She currently prac-
tises psychology in private practice. Dr Matthewson is also a lecturer in psychology at the University of
viii ABOUT THE AUTHORS