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Also in this series "Society Must Be Defended" Lectures at the College de France, 1975-1976 Michel Foucault Abnormal Lectures at the College de France 1974-1975 Edited by Valerio Marchetti and Antonella Salomoni General Editors: Francois Ewald and Alessandro Fontana English Series Editor: Arnold I. Davidson Translated by Graham Burchell V VERSO London . NewYork Firstpublishedin the UKby Verso 2003 © Verso 2003 Firstpublished as LesAnormaux© Editions de Seuil/Gallimard 1999 Translation © Graham Burchell Introduction ©Arnold I. Davidson 2003 All rights reserved The moral rights of the author editors and translatorhave been asserted , 1 3579 10 8642 Verso UK: 6 Meard Street, London W1F 0EG USA: 180Varick Street, New York NY 10014-4606 , www.versobooks.com Verso is the imprintof New Left Books ISBN 1-85984-539-8 BritishLibrary CataloguinginPublication Data Foucault Michel , Abnormal: lectures at the College de France 1974-1975 1 Abnormalities, Human-Social aspects - History . 2 PhilosophicalAnthropology-History . 3 Power (Social sciences) -History . I Tide . 194 ISBN 1859845398 Printed in the UKbyWilliam Clowes CONTENTS Foreword: Francois Ewald and Alessandro Fontana Introduction: Arnold I. Davidson one 8 January 1975 Expertpsychiatric opinion inpenal cases. - What kind ofdiscourse is the discourse ofexpertpsychiatric opinion? ~ Discourses oftruth and discourses that make one laugh. - Legalproofin eighteenth- century criminal law. - The reformers. - Theprinciple ofprofound conviction. ~ Extenuatingcircumstances. - The relationship between truth andjustice. - The grotesque in the mechanism ofpower. - The psychological-moraldouble ofthe offense. - Expert opinion shows how the individual already resembles his crime before he has committed it. ~ The emergence ofthepower ofnormalisation. two 15 January 1975 Madness and crime. - Perversity andpuerility. ~ The dangerous individual. ~ Thepsychiatric expert can only have the character of Ubu. ~ The epistemologicallevel ofpsychiatry and its regression in expert medico-legalopinion. - End ofthe antagonistic relationship between medicalpower andjudicialpower. - Expert opinion and abnormal individuals (les anormaux). ~ Criticism ofthe notion of repression. ~ Exclusion oflepers and inclusion ofplague victims. ~ Invention ofpositive technologies ofpower. - The normal and the pathological. Contents VI three 22 JANUARY 1975 55 Threefigures that constitute the domain ofabnormality: the human monster, the individual to be corrected, the masturbatingchild. ~ The sexualmonster brings together the monstrous individual and the sexual deviant. ~ Historical review ofthe threefigures. ~ Reversalof their historical importance. - Sacred embryology and thejuridico- biological theory ofthe monster. - Siamese twins. - Hermaphrodites: minorcases. - TheMarie Lemarciscase. ~ TheAnne Qrandjean case. four 29 January 1975 81 The moralmonster. - Crime in classical law. - The spectacle of public torture and execution (la supplice). - Transformation ofthe mechanisms ofpower. - Disappearance ofthe ritual expenditure of punitivepower. - Thepathological nature ofcriminality. ~ The politicalmonster: Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette. ~ The monster inJacobin literature (the tyrant) and anti-Jacobin literature (the rebelliouspeople). - Incest and cannibalism. five 5 February 1975 109 In the land ofthe ogres. ~ Transitionfrom the monster to the ( abnormal (Panormal). - The three greatfoundingmonsters of criminalpsychiatry. ~ Medicalpower andjudicialpower with regard to the notion ofthe absence ofinterest. - The institutionali ation of psychiatry as a specialised branch ofpublic hygiene and aparticular domain ofsocialprotection. - Codification ofmadness as social danger. - The motiveless crime (crime sans raison) and the tests ofthe enthronement ofpsychiatry. - The Henriette Cornier case. - The discovery ofthe instincts. six 12 February 1975 137 Instinct as gtid ofintelligibility ofmotiveless crime and ofcrime that cannot bepunished. ~ Extension ofpsychiatric knowledge andpower on the basis oftheproblemati ation ofinstinct. - The 1838 law and the role claimed bypsychiatry in public security. - Psychiatry and administrative regulation, the demandforpsychiatry by thefamily, Contents Vll and the constitution ofapsychiatric-politicaldiscrimination between individuals. ~ The voluntary-involuntary axis, the instinctive and the automatic. - The explosion ofthe symptomatological field. - Psychiatry becomes science and technique ofabnormal individuals. - The abnormal: a huge domain ofintervention. seven 19 FEBRUARY 1975 167 Theproblem ofsexuality runs through thefield of abnormality. - The old Christian rituals ofconfession. - From the confession accordingto a tariffto the sacrament of penance. - Development ofthepastoral. - Louis Habert's Pratique du sacrament de penitence and Charles Borromee's (Carlo Borromeo) Instructions aux confesseurs. - From the confession to spiritual direction. ~ The double discursivefilter oflife in the confession. - Confession after the Council ofTrent. - The sixth commandment: models ofquestioningaccordingto Pierre Milhard and Louis Habert. ~ Appearance ofthe body ofpleasure and desire in penitential and spiritualpractices. eight 26 February 1975 201 A new procedure ofexamination: the body discredited asflesh and the body blamed through theflesh. - Spiritual direction, the development ofCatholic mysticism, and thephenomenon of possession. - Distinction betweenpossession and witchcraft. - The possessions ofLoudon. - Convulsion as theplastic and visibleform ofthe struggle in the body ofthepossessed. ~ Theproblem ofthe possessed and their convulsions does not belong to the history of illness. - The anti-convulsives: stylistic modulation ofthe confession and spiritual direction; appeal to medicine; recourse to disciplinary and educationalsystems ofthe seventeenth century. ~ Convulsion as neurological model ofmental illness. nine 5 MARCH 1975 231 Theproblem ofmasturbation between the Christian discourse ofthe flesh and sexualpsychopathology. - Threeforms ofthe somati ation Contents Vlll ofmasturbation. - Thepathological responsibility of childhood. ~ Prepubescentmasturbation and adult seduction; the offense comesfrom outside. - A new organisation offamily space and control: the elimination ofintermediaries and the direct application oftheparent's body to the child's body. - Cultural involution ofthefamily. - The medicalization ofthe newfamily and the child's confession to the doctor, heir to the Christian techniques ofthe confession. - The medicalpersecution ofchildhood by means of the restraint ofmasturbation. - The constitution ofthe cellularfamily that takes responsibilityfor the body and lfi e ofthe child. - Natural education and State education. ten 12 MARCH 1975 263 Whatmakes thepsychoanalytictheory ofincestacceptableto the bourgeoisfamily (dangercomesfrom thechild's desire). - Normalisationofthe urbanproletariatandtheoptimal distributionofthe working-classfamily (dangercomesfromfathers and brothers). ~ Twotheoriesofincest. - Theantecedentsofthe abnormal: psychiatric-judicialmesh andpsychiatricfamilialmesh. - The problematicofsexuality andthe analysisofits irregularities. - The twin theory ofinstinctandsexuality as epistemologico-politicaltask of psychiatry. - Theoriginsofsexualpsychopathology (Heinrich Kaan). - Etiologyofmadness on thebasisofthehistory ofthesexual instinctandimagination. ~ ThecaseofthesoldierBertrand. eleven 19 MARCH 1975 291 A mixedfigure: the monster, the masturbator, and the individual who cannot be integrated within the normative system ofeducation. The CharlesJouy case and afamilyplugged into the new - system ofcontrol andpower. - Childhood as the historicalcondition ofthe generalisation ofpsychiatric knowledge andpower. - Psychiatrisation ofinfantilism and constitution ofa science ofnormal and abnormal conduct. - The major theoreticalconstructions of psychiatry in the second halfofthe nineteenth century. ~ Psychiatry and racism:psychiatry and social defense. Contents ix Course Summary 323 Course Context 331 Index of Notions and Concepts 357 Index of Names 369