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Abiotic Stresses in Wheat Unfolding the Challenges Edited by Mohd. Kamran Khan Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey Anamika Pandey Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey Mehmet Hamurcu Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey Om Prakash Gupta ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, Haryana, India Sait Gezgin Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey Abiotic Stresses in Wheat Unfolding the Challenges AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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ISBN978-0-323-95368-9 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:NikkiLevy AcquisitionsEditor:NancyMaragioglio EditorialProjectManager:MariaElaineDesamero ProductionProjectManager:SruthiSatheesh CoverDesigner:MatthewLimbert TypesetbySTRAIVE,India Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors’ Annu (209), Department of Molecular Biology, Biotech- contributionsbegin. nology and Bioinformatics, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India Saju Adhikary (131), Department of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, Most. Waheda Rahman Ansary (195), Institute of West Bengal, India Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural Nadia Afroz (195), Institute of Biotechnology and University, Gazipur,Bangladesh Genetic Engineering (IBGE), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Hirdayesh Anuragi (259), Tree Improvement Research, Bangladesh ICAR-Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi, UttarPradesh, India DishaAgarwal(247),DepartmentofBiosciences,Manipal UniversityJaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Md.Arifuzzaman(15,141,329),DepartmentofGenetics andPlantBreeding,HajeeMohammadDaneshScience Yamini Agrawal (247), Department of Biosciences, and TechnologyUniversity, Dinajpur, Bangladesh Manipal UniversityJaipur,Jaipur, Rajasthan, India Tabinda Athar (273, 329, 393, 413), Faculty of Agri- ZeeshanAhmad(393),MOEKeyLaboratoryofPlant-Soil culture, Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Interactions,DepartmentofPlantNutrition,ChinaAgri- University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, cultural University, Beijing,China Pakistan SaifAlharbi(233),NationalCenterforAgricultureTech- KousikAtta(1,95,131,357), DepartmentofPlantPhys- nology, Life Science and Environment Research iology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science & Tech- Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India nology, Saudi Arabia AnanyaBaidya(95,131),DepartmentofPlantPhysiology, Mohammed Anwar Ali (131), Department of Crop FacultyofAgriculture,BidhanChandraKrishiViswavi- Physiology, Agriculture College (ANGRAU), Bapatla, dyalaya, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India Andhra Pradesh, India Aneesa Batool (393), Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Fahad Alotaibi (233), National Center for Agriculture Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Technology, Life Science and Environment Research Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science & Tech- Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu andKashmir, India nology, Saudi Arabia VijendraS. Baviskar(161),Geneticsand PlantBreeding Abdullah Alrajhi (233), National Center for Agriculture Group,AgharkarResearchInstitute,Pune,Maharashtra, Technology, Life Science and Environment Research India Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science & Tech- nology, Saudi Arabia AnuragBera(339),DepartmentofAgronomy,Dr.Rajendra PrasadCentralAgriculturalUniversity,Pusa,Bihar,India Muhammad Ameen (393), Faculty of Agriculture, InstituteofSoilandEnvironmentalSciences,University K.L. Bhutia (339), Department of Agril. Biotechnology ofAgriculture Faisalabad,Faisalabad, Pakistan and Molecular Biology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University,Pusa,Bihar, India Mst.AnamikaAmzad(141),DepartmentofGeneticsand PlantBreeding,HajeeMohammadDaneshScienceand ChengChang(67),CollegeofLifeSciences,QingdaoUni- Technology University,Dinajpur,Bangladesh versity, Qingdao,China Anjali (259), Department of Plant Physiology, G.B. Pant Shukti Rani Chowdhury (357), Department of Plant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Pathology, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, United Uttarakhand,India States xiii xiv Contributors Sri Sai Subramnyam Dash (95), Research Scholar, Mst.HasnaHena(15),DepartmentofGeneticsandPlant Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bidhan Breeding,HajeeMohammadDaneshScienceandTech- Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, West nology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh Bengal,India Akbar Hossain (1, 95, 131, 357), Division of Agronomy; Shreenivas A. Desai (161), Department of Genetics and DivisionofSoilScience,BangladeshWheatandMaize Plant Breeding, University of Agricultural Sciences, Research Institute,Nashipur, Dinajpur, Bangladesh Dharwad,Karnataka, India HuanHu(375),MicrobialResourcesandDrugDevelopment Kapil Deswal (33, 283), Department of Botany and Plant Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, Life Physiology,ChaudharyCharanSinghHaryanaAgricul- SciencesInstitute,SchoolofPreclinicalMedicine,Zunyi tural University, Hisar, Haryana, India MedicalUniversity,Zunyi,GuizhouProvince,China Yengkhom Linthoingambi Devi (95), Research Scholar, Ashal Ilyas (247), Department of Biotechnology, Invertis Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Indira University,Bareilly,UttarPradesh,India Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, Md.RafiqulIslam(179),DepartmentofAgronomy,Ban- India gabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural Uni- RajivDubey(339),DepartmentofAgronomy,RVSKVV- versity, Gazipur,Bangladesh College of Horticulture, Mandsaur; Department of Tofazzal Islam (15, 141, 179, 195), Institute of Biotech- Agronomy, RVS Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Gwalior, nologyandGeneticEngineering(IBGE),Bangabandhu MadhyaPradesh, India Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Debjani Dutta (1, 95), Department of Plant Physiology, Gazipur,Bangladesh FacultyofAgriculture,BidhanChandraKrishiViswavi- Sohana Jui (141), Department of Genetics and Plant dyalaya, Mohanpur; School of Agriculture, Seacom Breeding,HajeeMohammadDaneshScienceandTech- Skills University, Kendradangal, Birbhum, West nology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh Bengal,India SnehashisKarmakar(1,95),DepartmentofPlantPhysi- Mateja Germ (273), Biotechnical Faculty, University of ology, Faculty of Agriculture, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Ljubljana,Ljubljana, Slovenia Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur; School of Agriculture, Sait Gezgin (273, 329, 393, 413), Department of Soil Seacom Skills University, Kendradangal, Birbhum, Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, West Bengal, India Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey Amit Kesarwani (339), Department of Agronomy, G.B. FatmaGokmenYilmaz(329),DepartmentofSoilScience Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pant- andPlantNutrition,FacultyofAgriculture,SelcukUni- nagar, Uttarakhand, India versity, Konya,Turkey AyeshaAzadKeya(15),DepartmentofGeneticsandPlant K. Gopalareddy (161), ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat Breeding,HajeeMohammadDaneshScienceandTech- and Barley Research, Karnal, Haryana, India nology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh AlishaGoyal(209),DepartmentofBotanyandPlantPhys- Mohd. Kamran Khan (141, 273, 329, 393, 413), iology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural DepartmentofSoilScienceandPlantNutrition,Faculty University, Hisar, Haryana; Division of Crop ofAgriculture, Selcuk University,Konya,Turkey Improvement, ICAR—Central Soil Salinity Research Manoj Kumar (259), Department of Plant Breeding and Institute,Karnal, India Genetics, Agricultural Research Station, Agriculture Dinoo Gunasekera (297), Department of Information UniversityKota, Kota, Rajasthan, India Technology, Faculty of Computing, General Sir Mukesh Kumar (339), Department of Agronomy, John Kotelawala Defence University, Sewanagala, Sri Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Lanka Pusa, Bihar, India MehmetHamurcu(141,273,329,393,413),Department Pawan Kumar (259), Division of Crop Improvement, of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agri- ICAR-Central Institute for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner, culture,SelcukUniversity, Konya, Turkey Rajasthan,India M. Hasanuzzaman (141), Department of Genetics and Anita Kumari (209), Department of Botany and Plant Plant Breeding, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science Physiology,ChaudharyCharanSinghHaryanaAgricul- and Technology University,Dinajpur,Bangladesh tural University,Hisar, Haryana,India Contributors xv NitaLakra(209),DepartmentofMolecularBiology,Bio- SubhasisMondal (131),DepartmentofPlantPhysiology, technologyandBioinformatics,CCSHaryanaAgricul- FacultyofAgriculture,BidhanChandraKrishiViswavi- tural University,Hisar,India dyalaya, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India Haoyu Li (67), College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Uni- Md.Mosfeq-Ul-Hasan(141),ControllerSectionofExam- versity, Qingdao, China inations,HajeeMohammadDaneshScienceandTech- nology University,Dinajpur,Bangladesh Xiaolan Li (375), Microbial Resources and Drug Devel- opmentKeyLaboratoryofGuizhouTertiaryInstitution, SoumikMukherjee(357),DepartmentofPlantPathology, LifeSciencesInstitute,SchoolofPreclinicalMedicine, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, West Bengal, India China Renu Munjal (33, 209, 283), Department of Botany and Chengcheng Liao (375), Microbial Resources and Drug Plant Physiology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana DevelopmentKeyLaboratoryofGuizhouTertiaryInsti- Agricultural University,Hisar, Haryana, India tution, Life Sciences Institute, School of Preclinical Zarin Mushrat (15), Department of Genetics and Plant Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Breeding,HajeeMohammadDaneshScienceandTech- Province, China nology University,Dinajpur,Bangladesh Jianguo Liu (375), Microbial Resources and Drug Devel- Aneta Myskova (247), Department of Analytical Chem- opment Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, istry, University of Chemistry & Technology Prague, Life Sciences Institute, School of Preclinical Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic ZunyiMedicalUniversity,Zunyi,GuizhouProvince,China Sudhir Navathe (161), Genetics and Plant Breeding Sagar Maitra (131, 339, 357), Department of Agronomy Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, Maha- and Agroforestry, Centurion University of Technology rashtra, India andManagement,Paralakhemundi,Odisha, India Manoj D. Oak (51, 161), Genetics and Plant Breeding SadiaMajeed(393),DepartmentofAgronomy,Facultyof Group,AgharkarResearchInstitute,Pune,Maharashtra; Agriculture, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Savitribai Phule PuneUniversity,Pune,India Bahawalpur,Pakistan ApurbaPal(357),HorticultureCollege,Khuntpani,Birsa HinaAhmedMalik(393),FacultyofAgriculture,Institute Agriculture University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India ofSoilandEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofAgri- culture Faisalabad,Faisalabad, Pakistan AnamikaPandey(141,273,329,393,413),Departmentof SoilScienceandPlantNutrition,FacultyofAgriculture, Riffat Naseem Malik (313), Department of Environ- Selcuk University,Konya,Turkey mental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Environmental Health and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Himanshu Pandey (259), Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University,Islamabad, Pakistan Dr.YSP UHF Nauni,Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India Manorma (209), Department of Molecular Biology, Bio- Megha Panwar (259), Department of Plant Physiology, technologyandBioinformatics,CCSHaryanaAgricul- G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, tural University,Hisar,India Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India Mst. Salma Masuda (15, 329), Department of Genetics Ravindra Patil (51), Genetics and Plant Breeding Group, andPlantBreeding,HajeeMohammadDaneshScience Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra; Savi- andTechnology University,Dinajpur,Bangladesh tribai Phule PuneUniversity, Pune, India Meenakshi(209),DepartmentofMolecularBiology,Bio- Pravin Bhausaheb Pawar (161), Genetics and Plant technologyandBioinformatics,CCSHaryanaAgricul- Breeding Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, tural University,Hisar,India Maharashtra,India M.A.BasetMia(179),DepartmentofCropBotany,Ban- NiteshKumarPoddar(247),DepartmentofBiosciences, gabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural Uni- Manipal UniversityJaipur, Jaipur, Rajasthan,India versity, Gazipur,Bangladesh BiswajitPramanick(339),DepartmentofAgronomy,Dr. Udit Nandan Mishra (259), Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University,Pusa, University,Cuttack, Odisha,India Bihar, India Saptarshi Mondal (357), Department of Crop and Sankar Pramanick (1), Department of Plant Physiology, Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, FacultyofAgriculture,BidhanChandraKrishiViswavi- United States dyalaya, Mohanpur, West Bengal, India xvi Contributors Most. Maria Haque Prodhan (141), Department of Shreya Sharma (247), Department of Biotechnology, GeneticsandPlantBreeding, HajeeMohammadDanesh Invertis University,Bareilly, UttarPradesh,India ScienceandTechnologyUniversity,Dinajpur,Bangladesh AdityaPratapSingh(95),ResearchScholar,Department Xiaokang Qian (375), Zunyi City Rural Development ofGeneticsandPlantBreeding,BidhanChandraKrishi Service Center, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur,West Bengal,India Umar Masood Quraishi (313), Department of Plant Sci- SanjayKumarSingh(161),DivisionofGenetics,ICAR- ences, Quaid-i-Azam University,Islamabad, Pakistan Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, India Hanuman Ram (259), Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Central Institute for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner, Rajesh Kumar Singhal (259, 413), Division of Crop Rajasthan, India Improvement, ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute,Jhansi,UttarPradesh,India VineetaRana(33),DepartmentofBotanyandPlantPhys- iology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural Aarti Soni (209), Department of Botany and Plant Physi- University,Hisar, Haryana, India ology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University,Hisar,Haryana, India Sudarshana Ranjan (259), Department of Plant Physi- ology, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Tech- Pooja Swami (33, 283), Department of Botany and Plant nology,Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India Physiology,ChaudharyCharanSinghHaryanaAgricul- tural University,Hisar, Haryana,India Disna Ratnasekera (297), Department of Agricultural Biology,FacultyofAgriculture,UniversityofRuhuna, NeveenB.Talaat(111),DepartmentofPlantPhysiology, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka Faculty ofAgriculture, CairoUniversity, Giza, Egypt Reena (209), Department of Molecular Biology, Biotech- Ali Topal (329), Department of Field Crops, Faculty of nology and Bioinformatics, CCS Haryana Agricultural Agriculture, Selcuk University,Konya, Turkey University,Hisar, India Mst. Tanjina Shahanaj Turin (15, 329), Department of Mingjian Ren (375), College of Agriculture, College of GeneticsandPlantBreeding,HajeeMohammadDanesh Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou ScienceandTechnologyUniversity,Dinajpur,Bangladesh Province, China Suhasini Venkatesan (51), Genetics and Plant Breeding Qunli Ren (375), Microbial Resources and Drug Devel- Group,AgharkarResearchInstitute,Pune,Maharashtra; opmentKeyLaboratoryofGuizhouTertiaryInstitution, Savitribai Phule Pune University,Pune, India LifeSciencesInstitute,SchoolofPreclinicalMedicine, Miao Wang (375), Microbial Resources and Drug Devel- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, opmentKeyLaboratoryofGuizhouTertiaryInstitution, China LifeSciencesInstitute,SchoolofPreclinicalMedicine, Disha Roy (15), Department of Genetics and Plant Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, Breeding,HajeeMohammadDaneshScienceandTech- China nologyUniversity, Dinajpur, Bangladesh Qian Wang (375), Microbial Resources and Drug Devel- Anjana Rustagi (413), Department of Botany, Gargi opmentKeyLaboratoryofGuizhouTertiaryInstitution, College, New Delhi, India LifeSciencesInstitute,SchoolofPreclinicalMedicine, Rahul Sadhukhan (1), MTTC & VTC, CAU (Imphal), Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, China Selesih, Mizoram, India Muhammad Saeed (313), Department of Environmental XiaoyuWang(67),CollegeofLifeSciences,QingdaoUni- Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Environ- versity, Qingdao, China mental Health and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Quaid- Devvart Yadav (33), Department of Genetics and Plant i-Azam University,Islamabad, Pakistan Breeding,CCSHaryanaAgriculturalUniversity,Hisar, Ajanta Sarker (15), Department of Genetics and Plant Haryana,India Breeding,HajeeMohammadDaneshScienceandTech- Shengwei Yang (375), Zunyi Agricultural Science and nologyUniversity, Dinajpur, Bangladesh Technology Research Institute, Zunyi, Guizhou MaksudHasanShah(95,131),DepartmentofAgronomy, Province, China Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Zige Yang (67), College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Uni- Nadia, West Bengal, India versity, Qingdao, China Contributors xvii K.J. Yashavanthakumar (161), Genetics and Plant University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Breeding Group, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra,India India Hamza Yousaf (413), Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Mingsheng Zhang (375),College ofAgriculture, College Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agri- of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, culture Faisalabad,Faisalabad, Pakistan Guizhou Province, China Sajad Majeed Zargar (393), Proteomics Laboratory, PengfeiZhi (67), College of LifeSciences, Qingdao Uni- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir versity, Qingdao,China Chapter 1 Wheat and abiotic stress challenges: An overview Debjani Duttaa,b,Snehashis Karmakara,b,⁎,AkbarHossainc,Rahul Sadhukhand, Kousik Attaa, and Sankar Pramanicka aDepartmentofPlantPhysiology,FacultyofAgriculture,BidhanChandraKrishiViswavidyalaya,Mohanpur,WestBengal,India,bSchoolofAgriculture, SeacomSkillsUniversity,Kendradangal,Birbhum,WestBengal,India,cDivisionofSoilScience,BangladeshWheatandMaizeResearchInstitute, Nashipur,Dinajpur,Bangladesh,dMTTC&VTC,CAU(Imphal),Selesih,Mizoram,India *Correspondingauthor.e-mail:[email protected] Introduction Wheat(TriticumaestivumL.),thesecondmostimportantstaplecropinIndiaaswellasintheworld,deliversnutritionaland dietarysecuritytobillionsoftheworldpopulation.Theglobalwheatproductionforthepastfewyearshasreachednew heights with significant increaseinproduction, area,and productivity.Overthe last four decades,the wheat program in India was very energetic, but it lacks satisfaction and the agenda requires to be more reactive toward the new evolving challengesimposedbyabioticstresses.Besidestheincreasingglobalpopulation,thechallengesimpartedbyseveralabiotic stresseshavebeencreatingagreathavocforworldwidewheatproductionandthuscausingobstaclestomeettheglobalfood demand. The susceptibility of wheat crops to abiotic stresses is obvious from a considerable dip in wheat production to 86.53Mtonnes during 2014–15 owing to uneven rainfall, regarding the higher production of 95.85Mtonnes attained forthedurationoftheprevious2013–14cropseason.Ontheotherhand,duringtheperiodofthenext2015–16cropyear, Indiaproduced93.50Mtonnesofwheatgrain(Tiwarietal.,2017).Thoughduringthecurrentyears,thespeedofgenetic improvementinproductivitydoesnotshowmuchmagnificencelikeinthepast,theunder-trialcultivarsarebeingdesigned to support the demand for greater yield alongside the challenges enforced by a number of abiotic stresses, for instance, water stress, temperature stress, heavy metal stress, andsalinity stress. Theproductionofwheatismostlyaffectedbywaterstresses.Therearemainlytwotypesofwaterstress,i.e.,drought stressandwaterloggingstress.Amongthese,droughtstressismostresponsibleforsignificantyieldlossinwheatanditmay occurthroughoutthecrop-growingseason.Significantyieldlossoccurswhenwheatisexposedtodroughtstressduringthe headingstage,butitshowsthehighestyieldlosswhenstressexposureoccursduringthereproductivestages(Tiwarietal., 2015). Early-season drought at seedling stages in wheat decreases plant numbers/unit area and number of tillers/plants, whereas mid-season (CRI to ear emergence) water-deficit stress reduces total biomass of crop, effective tiller number aswellasgainnumber/spike,andlate-season(anthesistophysiologicalmaturity)orterminalwater-deficitstressenhances theoxidativedamages(Abidetal.,2018;Sattaretal.,2020),thuslesseningthecurrentphotosynthesis,pollenfertility,and grainyield(Tiwarietal.,2015).Ifnoirrigationhasbeengiventowheatcrops,theyieldlossesduetowaterstressofsome wheatvarietiesinCentralIndiarangefrom11.6%to43.6%(Tiwarietal.,2015).Waterloggingistheconditionwhenthe waterremainsstagnantonthesurfaceofthelandforaprolongedperiodorthefractionofavailablewaterinthesurfacelayer ofsoilis,however,20%greaterthanthefieldcapacity(FC)ofthesoil.Thecropproductioninalmost4.5Mhacultivated irrigatedlandinIndo-Gangeticregionsisadverselyaffectedbythewaterloggedcondition(CSSRI,1997).Mainlywhere thesoilissodicandgroundwaterlevelishigh,asaresultofincreasednaturalcalamitieslikestormsandheavyrainfalls, waterlogging is more prominent, thus causing serious problems inworldwide crop production. Thoughtheoptimumtemperatureforpropergrowthanddevelopmentofcropsvarieswiththeprevalentagro-climatic zoneswherethecropiscultivated,themostoptimumtemperatureconsideredforwheatcropsis21–24°C.InIndia,moreor lesstotalwheatcultivatedareaexperiencesheatstress.Thoughthroughoutthecropseason,thepeninsularandcentralparts experience heat stress, major parts of the northeastern and northwestern steppes experience terminal heat stress. That is why,thefarmersintheseregionsfollowthetrendofearlysowingofwheatfortakingbenefitofresidualmoisturecontent thathelpsprovidetoleranceofwheatcultivarstobothterminalandearlyheatstresses(MisraandVarghese,2012).Therise AbioticStressesinWheat.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95368-9.00006-0 Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 1