Abiotic Stress Physiology of Horticultural Crops

369 Pages·2016·8.58 MB·English

N.K. Srinivasa Rao
K.S. Shivashankara
R.H. Laxman Editors
Abiotic Stress
Physiology of
Horticultural
Crops
Abiotic Stress Physiology
of Horticultural Crops

N.K. Srinivasa Rao (cid:129) K.S. Shivashankara
R.H. Laxman
Editors
Abiotic Stress
Physiology
of Horticultural Crops
Editors
N.K.SrinivasaRao K.S.Shivashankara
DivisionofPlantPhysiology DivisionofPlantPhysiology
andBiochemistry andBiochemistry
ICAR-IndianInstituteof ICAR-IndianInstituteof
HorticulturalResearch HorticulturalResearch
Bengaluru,Karnataka,India Bengaluru,Karnataka,India
R.H.Laxman
DivisionofPlantPhysiology
andBiochemistry
ICAR-IndianInstituteof
HorticulturalResearch
Bengaluru,Karnataka,India
ISBN978-81-322-2723-6 ISBN978-81-322-2725-0 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-81-322-2725-0
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016933032
#SpringerIndia2016
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Preface
Abiotic stress factors, mainly salinity, drought, flooding and high tempera-
ture, are the main elements which drastically limit the horticultural crop
productivity globally. Abiotic stress leads to a series of morphological,
physiological, biochemical and molecular changes in plants that adversely
affect growth and productivity. Extreme environmental events in the era of
globalclimaticchangefurtheraggravatetheproblemandremarkablyrestrict
the plant growth and development. The mechanisms underlying endurance
and adaptation to environmental stress factors have long been the focus of
intense research. Plants overcome environmental stresses by the develop-
mentoftolerance,resistanceoravoidancemechanisms.Plantacclimationto
environmental stresses is the process to adjust to a gradual change in its
environmentwhichallowstheplantstomaintainperformanceacrossarange
of adverse environmental conditions. Stress tolerance mechanisms in horti-
cultural crops are gaining attention because most agricultural regions are
predicted to experience considerably more extreme environmental
fluctuationsduetoglobalclimatechange.Ithasbeenestimatedthatsalinity
anddroughtareexpectedtocauseserioussalinisationofmorethan50%of
allavailableproductive,arablelandsbytheyear2050.Wateravailabilityand
water use efficiency are among the important abiotic factors that have had
andcontinuetohaveadecisiveinfluenceonplantevolution.Waterstressin
its broadest sense encompasses both drought and flooding stress. In-depth
knowledge on molecular mechanisms of abiotic stress effects on plants is
neededfordevelopingtolerantgenotypes.Aclearunderstandingofenviron-
mentalfactorsandtheirinteractionwithphysiologicalprocessesisextremely
importantforimprovinghorticulturalpractices.Horticulturalcropsincludea
wide range of commodities, such as fruits and vegetables that are highly
valuable for humanity. They are extensively grown worldwide, and their
productioncanbedescribedasanopenandhighlycomplexsystemaffected
by many factors, among which we can count weather, soil and cropping
system,aswellastheinteractionbetweenthesefactors.
Scope of this book includes chapters on tropical and subtropical species
writtenbyscientists fromdifferent fieldsofspecialisation. Theinfluenceof
environmental factors, such as temperature, water and salinity on plant
physiology and on vegetative and reproductive growth, is comprehensively
discussed for each crop. In this book Abiotic Stress Physiology of
v
vi Preface
HorticulturalCrops,wepresentacollectionof19chapterswrittenbymany
experts in the field of crop improvement, genetic engineering and abiotic
stress tolerance. Various chapters included in this book provide a state-of-
the-art account of the information on (1) mechanisms of abiotic stress
tolerance responses, and (2) abiotic stress tolerance in various horticulture
crops – tomato, onion, capsicum, mango, grapes, banana, litchi, Arid Zone
fruitcrops,coconut,arecanut,cahew,cocoa,spices,oilpalmandtubercrops
–whichisaresourcefulguidesuitedforscholarsandresearchersworkingin
the field of crop improvement, genetic engineering and abiotic stress toler-
anceofhorticulturalcrops.
We,theeditors,wouldliketogivespecialthankstotheauthorsfortheir
outstandingandtimelyworkinproducingsuchfinechapters.Wearehighly
thankful to Ms. K.C. Pavithra for her valuable help in formatting and
incorporating editorial changes in the manuscripts. The editors and
contributing authors hope that this book will include a practical update on
ourknowledgeforplantacclimationtoenvironmentalstressandleadtonew
discussions and efforts to the use of various tools for the improvement of
horticulturalcropsforabioticstresstolerance.
Bengaluru,India N.K.SrinivasaRao
K.S.Shivashankara
R.H.Laxman
Contents
PartI MechanismsofAbioticStressToleranceResponses
1 PhysiologicalandMorphologicalResponses
ofHorticulturalCropstoAbioticStresses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
N.K.SrinivasaRao,R.H.Laxman,
andK.S.Shivashankara
2 RoleofPlantGrowthRegulatorsinAbiotic
StressTolerance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
K.K.UpretiandMaryadaSharma
3 AntioxidantProtectionMechanismDuring
AbioticStresses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
K.S.Shivashankara,K.C.Pavithra,andG.A.Geetha
4 MolecularMechanismsofHeatShockProteins
andThermotoleranceinPlants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
VidyaS.MurthyandKundapuraV.Ravishankar
5 MechanismsofHeavyMetalToxicityinPlants. . . . . . . . . . . 85
D.KalaivananandA.N.Ganeshamurthy
6 SeedPrimingforAbioticStressTolerance:
AnOverview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
K.BhanuprakashandH.S.Yogeesha
PartII AbioticStressToleranceinHorticulturalCrops:
Vegetables
7 Tomato. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
A.T.Sadashiva,AradhanaSingh,R.PunithKumar,
V.Sowmya,andDominicP.D’mello
8 Onion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
N.K.SrinivasaRao
9 Capsicum (HotPepperandBellPepper). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
K.MadhaviReddy,K.S.Shivashankara,G.A.Geetha,
andK.C.Pavithra
vii
viii Contents
PartIII AbioticStressToleranceinHorticulturalCrops:
FruitCrops
10 Mango. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
R.H.Laxman,C.J.Annapoornamma,andGeetaBiradar
11 Grapes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
SatishaJogaiah
12 AbioticStressToleranceinBanana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
IyyakuttyRaviandM.MayilVaganan
13 AridZoneFruitCrops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
N.K.SrinivasaRao
14 Litchi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
RajeshKumar
PartIV AbioticStressToleranceinHorticulturalCrops:
PlantationandTuberCrops
15 CoconutandArecaNut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
S.NareshKumar,V.Rajagopal,andK.V.KasturiBai
16 CocoaandCashew. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
D.Balasimha
17 BlackPepperandWaterStress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
K.S.Krishnamurthy,S.J.Ankegowda,P.Umadevi,
andJohnsonK.George
18 OilPalm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
K.Suresh,R.K.Mathur,andS.K.Behera
19 TropicalTuberCrops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
O.KumariSwadija,AtulJayapal,andV.B.Padmanabhan
Contributors
S.J. Ankegowda ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Madikeri,
Karnataka,India
C.J. Annapoornamma Division of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,
ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka,
India
K.V. Kasturi Bai ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute,
Kasaragod,Kerala,India
D.Balasimha CentralPlantationCropsResearchInstitute,Karnataka,India
B-404,MantriAlpyne,Banashankari5thStage,Bengaluru,India
ICAR-CentralPlantationCropsResearchInstitute,Kasaragod,Kerala,India
S.K. Behera ICAR-Directorate of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi, Andhra
Pradesh,India
K.Bhanuprakash SectionofSeedScienceandTechnology,ICAR-Indian
InstituteofHorticulturalResearch,Bengaluru,Karnataka,India
Geeta Biradar Division of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,
ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka,
India
DominicP.D’mello DivisionofVegetableCrops,ICAR-IndianInstituteof
HorticulturalResearch,Bengaluru,Karnataka,India
A.N. Ganeshamurthy Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemis-
try,ICAR-IndianInstituteofHorticulturalResearch,Bengaluru,Karnataka,
India
G.A.Geetha DivisionofPlantPhysiologyandBiochemistry,ICAR-Indian
InstituteofHorticulturalResearch,Bengaluru,Karnataka,India
JohnsonK.George ICAR-IndianInstituteofSpicesResearch,Kozhikode,
Kerala,India
Atul Jayapal College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram,
Kerala,India
ix