अभिव्यक्ति और माध्यम / Abhivyakti Aur Madhyam (Hindi Class 11-12)

215 Pages·20.28 MB·Hindi

by  Various

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2020-21
ISBN 81-7450-604-7
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u;h jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ ij vkèkkfjr ikB~;Øe vkSj ikB~;iqLrosaQ bl cqfu;knh fopkj ij
vey djus dk iz;kl gSaA bl iz;kl esa gj fo"k; dks ,d e”kcwr nhokj ls ?ksj nsus vkSj
tkudkjh dks jVk nsus dh izo`fÙk dk fojks/ 'kkfey gSA vk'kk gS fd ;s dne gesa jk"Vªh;
f'k{kk uhfr (1986) esa of.kZr cky&osaQfnzr O;oLFkk dh fn'kk esa dkI+kQh nwj rd ys tk,¡xsA
bl iz;Ru dh liQyrk vc bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd LowQyksa osQ izkpk;Z vkSj vè;kid
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le; vkSj vk”kknh nh tk, rks cPps cM+ksa }kjk lkSaih xbZ lwpuk&lkexzh ls tqM+dj vkSj
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tkus dk izeq[k dkj.k ikB~;iqLrd dks ijh{kk dk ,dek=k vk/kj cukus dh izo`fÙk gSA ltZuk
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gSaA nSfud le;&lkj.kh esa yphykiu mruk gh ”k:jh gS ftruh okf"kZd oSQysaMj osQ vey
esa pqLrh] ftlls f'k{k.k osQ fy, fu;r fnuksa dh la[;k gdhdr cu losQA f'k{k.k vkSj
ewY;kadu dh fof/;k¡ Hkh bl ckr dks r; djsaxh fd ;g ikB~;iqLrd LowQy esa cPpksa osQ
thou dks ekufld ncko rFkk cksfj;r dh txg [kq'kh dk vuqHko cukus esa fdruh izHkkoh
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esa Kku dk iqufuZ/kZj.k djrs le; cPpksa osQ euksfoKku o vè;kiu osQ fy, miyC/ le;
dk è;ku j[kus dh igys ls vf/d lpsr dksf'k'k dh gSA bl dksf'k'k dks vkSj xgjkus
osQ ;Ru esa ;g ikB~;iqLrd lksp&fopkj vkSj foLe;] NksVs lewgksa esa ckrphr o cgl vkSj
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laxBuksa osQ izfr ÑrK gSa ftUgksaus vius lalk/uksa] lkexzh rFkk lg;ksfx;ksa dh enn ysus esa
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2020-21
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fodkl ea=kky; }kjk izksI+ksQlj e`.kky ehjh ,oa izksI+ksQlj th-ih- ns'kikaMs dh vè;{krk esa
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ckgj dh fo'kky nqfu;k esa >k¡osaQ] thou&txr osQ vusd :iksa dks le>s&cw>sa] jax&fcajxs
liuksa dk rkuk&ckuk iSQykuk lh[ksa] eqf'dyksa dks igpkusa vkSj mldk lkeuk dj losaQ ;kuh
viuh jkg ryk'kus esa ;k cukus esa os [kqn l{ke gks losaQA jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk
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ij ,d&nwljs ls tqM+s gq, gSa vkSj O;kid :i ls lapkj osQ gh vyx&vyx :i gaSA
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vkrh g Sa [kcj]as oQSl s Nir s g aS v[kckj] oQSl s tMq s+ g aS vkil e as ijw h nfqu;k oQs rkj\ oxjS gA
yfsdu bu lokyk as oQs lkFk&lkFk mUg as ;g Hkh crk;k tkuk ”k:jh g S fd ijw h nfqu;k oQs rkj
tkMs u+ s okyh ehfM;k dh tkunkj nfqu;k mudh lfØ; vkjS lprs igy oQs fcuk fdruh
cts ku gAS lgh ek;uk as e as lpa kj dk ;gh vFk Z gAS ;g iLq rd tulpa kj dh nfqu;k dk s tkuu]s
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gSA bl iqLrd dh nwljh bdkbZ esa l`tukRed ys[ku lacaèkh vkB vè;k; 'kkfey gSaA
lkfgR; futhZo ph”kksa esa Hkh Lianu Hkj nsrk gSA ;g Lianu Hkjuk gh l`tukRedrk gSA bl
izfØ;k ls tqM+uk osQoy unh] igkM+] iwQy] rkjs] ckny] [ksr vkfn dks gh ugha cfYd [kqn
2020-21
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dks Hkh u, Lianu ls Hkjuk gSA bldh igpku osQ lgkjs cPps fu'p; gh ,d ltho nqfu;k
jpus esa leFkZ gks ldrs gSaA vkt dyk vkSj lkfgR; cPpksa osQ fy, vokLrfod vkSj vewrZ
dYiuk cudj jg x;k gSA mUgsa ;g tkudkjh nsuk ”k:jh gS fd gj jpuk dh vk/kjHkwfe
Hkko gksrk gS ftldh tMa+s ;FkkFkZ ls tqM+h gksrh gSaA jpukRed izfØ;k ls gksdj xq”kjuk
mudh vewrZ dYiuk dks ;FkkFkZ vkSj fo'okl ls tksM+us esa leFkZ gks ldrk gSA ;w¡ rks ys[ku
ls cPpksa dk laioZQ vkSj laca/ LowQyh nqfu;k esa izos'k osQ lkFk gh gks tkrk gSA ysfdu
l`tu D;k gS\ ;g bu cPpksa dks ugha irk gksrkA elyu oSQls curh gS dfork\ miU;kl]
dgkuh vkSj ukVd vkfn dk ys[ku oSQls gksrk gS\ l`tukRedrk dh cqukoV dh igpku
tgk¡ muesa ,d vksj jpuk'khyrk osQ izfr yyd iSnk dj mUgsa jpuk'khy cukrh gS] ogha
nwljh vksj lkfgR; vkSj lkfgR;sRkj ys[ku dks tkuus&le>us esa Hkh ennxkj gks ldrh gSA
i=kdkfjrk vkSj lkfgR; tgk¡ ,d vksj fo|kFkhZ dks f”kEesnkj ukxfjd vkSj jpukRed
O;fDrRo ns ldus esa lgk;d gksaxs] ogha O;kogkfjd ys[ku dh tkudkjh bl f”kEesnkjh osQ
fuokZg esa ennxkj gksxhA lkFk gh ;g iz;kstuewyd ¯gnh osQ fo'kky iQyd dks tkuus dk
”kfj;k cu ldrh gSA iqLrd dh rhljh bdkbZ esa O;kogkfjd ys[ku laca/h rhu vè;k;
'kkfey gSaA blh osQ rgr 'kCndks'k dk ifjp; Hkh j[kk x;k gSA bldh izLrqfr dgkuh osQ
<k¡ps esa gSA mís'; ;g gS fd O;ogkj dh fganh dks cPps O;ogkj osQ ekè;e ls gh tkusaA
fo"k; osQ izfr mudh vfHkjQfp Hkh cuh jgs] lkFk gh dk;kZy;h izfØ;k ls vutku cPpksa
osQ fnekx esa fofHk dk;kZy;h fLFkfr;ksa dh mfpr rLkohj vafdr gks losQA ;g blfy,
Hkh ”k:jh gS fd vkt dk O;kogkfjd ys[ku vius uke ls vyx ,d vkSipkfjd ys[ku
ek=k cudj jg x;k gSA dkedkth thou osQ jks”kejkZ dh Hkk"kk dks e'khuh ,djlrk ls
fudkydj mldh /M+du lquus dh ”k:jr cM+s fnuksa ls eglwl dh tk jgh gSA ;g
iqLrd bl fn'kk esa ,d iz;kl gksxhA
tulapkj lacaèkh ys[ku gks] l`tukRed ys[ku gks ;k O;kogkfjd ys[kuµrhuksa gh
bdkbZ osQ iz'u [kqn dj osQ lh[kus vkSj tkuus esa lgk;d gksaxsA xfrfofèk vkSj ikB
ls laokn 'kh"kZd vH;kl cPpksa dks ys[ku dh nqfu;k ls tksM+us dh igy dj ldus
esa ennxkj gksaxsA iqLrd osQ ifjf'k"V esa u, 'kCnksa vkSj ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa osQ ckjs esa fn;k
x;k gSA lkFk gh oqQN fo"k;ksa ls tqM+s osc lkbV~l dh lwpuk nh xbZ gS tks vfrfjDr
tkudkjh esa lgk;d gksaxhA
lkt&lTtk osQ fy, rLkohjksa osQ lkFk&lkFk js[kkadu] Lora=k dkVwZu vkSj oSQjhosQpj dh
enn yh xbZ gSA O;aX; osQ lgkjs dkVwZu lathnk fcackRed vFkZ nsus esa leFkZ gksrs gSaA
tulapkj] l`tukRed ys[ku vkSj O;kogkfjd ys[ku tSls fo"k;ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk dkVwZu fp=kksa
dk iz;ksx fo|kfFZk;ksa dks vfHkO;fDr dk ,d u;k ekè;e Hkh ns ldrk gSA
i<+us&i<+kus dh izfØ;k lrr pyrh jgrh gSA blesa ges'kk u, dh laHkkouk cuh jgrh
gSA iqLrd dks fujarj u;k dj ldus vkSj oqQN lq>ko tksMu+ s e as vkil s lpa kj lgk;d gkxs kA
2020-21
ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr
vè;{k] Hkk"kk lykgdkj lfefr
ukeoj flag] iwoZ vè;{k] Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk osaQnz] ts-,u-;w-] u;h fnYyh
eq[; lykgdkj
iq#"kksÙke vxzoky] iwoZ izksI+ksQlj] Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk osaQnz] ts-,u-;w-] u;h fnYyh
eq[; leUo;d
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vrqy flUgk] iwoZ lykgdkj izksI+ksQlj] tkxj.k baLVhV~;wV vkWI+kQ eSustesaV ,aM ekl
oQE;wfuosQ'ku] uks,Mk
vferkHk JhokLro] Lora=k jaxdehZ] u;h fnYyh
vlxj otkgr] izksI+ksQlj] tkfe;k fefYy;k bLykfe;k] u;h fnYyh
vkuan iz/ku] ,lksfl,V izksI+ksQlj] vkbZ-vkbZ-,e-lh-] ts-,u-;w-] u;h fnYyh
xksfoan flag] iwoZ laiknd] vej mtkyk] u;h fnYyh
nsosUnz jkt vaoqQj] iwoZ funs'kd] jk"Vªh; ukV~; fo|ky;] u;h fnYyh
/hjatu ekyos] fo'ks"k dk;Z vf/dkjh] izlkj Hkkjrh] u;h fnYyh
fiz;n'kZu] lekpkj laiknd] ,u-Mh-Vh-oh- bafM;k] u;h fnYyh
e/qdj mikè;k;] iwoZ laiknd] yksder] ukxiqj
egsUnziky 'kekZ] izksI+ksQlj] tkfe;k fefYy;k bLykfe;k] u;h fnYyh
latho oqQekj] ofj"B izoDrk] ns'kca/q dkWyst] dkydkth] u;h fnYyh
lqHkk"k /wfy;k] izksI+ksQlj] bafnjk xkaèkh jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] u;h fnYyh
gseUr tks'kh] ,lksfl,V izksI+ksQlj] vkbZ-vkbZ-,e-lh-] ts-,u-;w-] u;h fnYyh
lnL;&leUo;d
laè;k flag] izksI+ksQlj] Hkk"kk f'k{kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh
2020-21
Hkkjr dk lafo/ku
mísf'kdk
ge] Hkkjr osQ yksx] Hkkjr dks ,d 1¹laiw.kZ izHkqRo&laiUu
lektoknh iaFkfujis{k yksdra=kkRed x.kjkT;º cukus osQ
fy,] rFkk mlosQ leLr ukxfjdksa dks %
lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuSfrd U;k;]
fopkj] vfHkO;fDr] fo'okl] /eZ
vkSj mikluk dh Lora=krk]
izfr"Bk vkSj volj dh lerk
izkIr djkus osQ fy,]
rFkk mu lc esa
O;fDr dh xfjek vkSj 2¹jk"Vª dh ,drk
vkSj v[kaMrkº lqfuf'pr djus okyh ca/qrk
c<+kus osQ fy,
n`<+ladYi gksdj viuh bl lafo/ku lHkk esa vkt rkjh[k
26 uoacj] 1949 bZ- dks ,rn~}kjk bl lafo/ku dks
vaxhÑr] vf/fu;fer vkSj vkRekfiZr djrs gSaA
1- lafo/ku (c;kyhloka la'kks/u) vf/fu;e] 1976 dh /kjk 2 }kjk (3-1-1977 ls)
^^izHkqRo&laiUuyksdra=kkRedx.kjkT;**osQLFkkuijizfrLFkkfirA
2- lafo/ku(c;kyhlokala'kks/u)vf/fu;e]1976dh/kjk2}kjk(3-1-1977ls)^^jk"Vªdh
,drk**osQLFkkuijizfrLFkkfirA
2020-21
vkHkkj
bl iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa vdknfed lg;ksx osQ fy, fo'ks"k vkeaf=kr vkse xqIrk] i=kdkj]
u;h fnYyh] m"kk 'kekZ] ofj"B izoDrk] MkbV] eksrh ckx] u;h fnYyh_ uhyoaQB oqQekj]
vè;kid] izfrHkk fodkl fo|ky;] u;h fnYyh_ vuqjkèkk] vè;kfidk] ljnkj iVsy fo|ky;]
u;h fnYyh_ uwru >k] vè;kfidk] ehjkafcdk fo|ky;] u;h fnYyh osQ ge vkHkkjh gSaA
bZnxkg lacaèkh js[kkadu osQ fy, vt; eksgarh] lkexzh lap;u osQ fy, usg: Lekjd
iqLdky;] u;h fnYyh ,oa ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk] dk'kh osQ ge ÑrK gSaA
bl iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa rduhdh lg;ksx osQ fy, daI;wVj LVs'ku (Hkk"kk foHkkx) osQ
izHkkjh] ij'kjke dkSf'kd] Mh-Vh-ih- vkWijsVj t; izdk'k jk;] lfpu oqQekj rFkk
fot; oqQekj_ dkWih ,fMVj izeksn frokjh] lehuk mLekuh] lqfiz;k xqIrk] lrh'k >k_
izwiQ jhMj] deys'k oqQekjh osQ izfr ge vkHkkjh gSaA
2020-21