Abeloff's Clinical Oncology, 5e PDF
Preview Abeloff's Clinical Oncology, 5e
ABELOFF’S CLINICAL ONCOLOGY ABELOFF’S CLINICAL ONCOLOGY FIFTH EDITION JOHN E. NIEDERHUBER, MD Executive Vice President, Inova Health System CEO and Director, Inova Comprehensive Cancer and Research Institute CEO, Inova Translational Medicine Institute Falls Church, Virginia; Professor, Oncology and Surgery The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Deputy Director Johns Hopkins Clinical Research Network Baltimore, Maryland James O. Armitage, MD Joel E. Tepper, MD Joe Shapiro Professor of Medicine Hector MacLean Distinguished Professor of Cancer Research University of Nebraska Medical Center Department of Radiation Oncology Omaha, Nebraska UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center University of North Carolina School of Medicine James H. Doroshow, MD Chapel Hill, North Carolina Bethesda, Maryland Michael B. Kastan, MD, PhD Executive Director, Duke Cancer Institute William W. Shingleton Professor, Pharmacology and Cancer Biology Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste. 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 ABELOFF’S CLINICAL ONCOLOGY, FIFTH EDITION ISBN: 978-1-4557-2865-7 Copyright © 2014 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Previous editions copyrighted 2008, 2004, 2000, 1995 ISBN: 978-1-4557-2865-7 Content Strategy Director: Mary Gatsch Senior Content Strategist: Kate Dimock Senior Content Development Specialist: Taylor Ball Publishing Services Manager: Patricia Tannian Senior Project Manager: John Casey Designer: Lou Forgione Printed in China Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 To my son, Matthew, and my wife, Kathy, who have and continue to make sacrifices so that I might pursue my passions in medicine and research. To my colleagues at the National Cancer Institute and across the country whose selfless dedication to cancer research is truly an inspiration to all. To the many students who have trained with me over the years, to my patients, and to my colleagues at the Inova Translational Medicine Institute who have given me the opportunity to have this tremendously rewarding career. Lastly, to Tracey, and to Marty, who, in memory, inspire all who knew them to work a little harder each day toward the elimination of the pain and suffering from this disease. JOHN E. NIEDERHUBER, MD To my wife, Nancy, for her love and support over the last four and a half decades, and to our four children and ten grandchildren. JAMES O. ARMITAGE, MD To my wife, Robin Winkler Doroshow, MD, my classmate and greatest supporter, for her love, dedication, and commitment and for the remarkable joy and caring she brings to her patients and to all around her. To my loving daughter, Deborah Doroshow, MD, PhD, who is about to begin a career in oncology; my fondest hope is that you will enjoy sharing with and learning from those you help as much as I have. To my patients and colleagues at the City of Hope and the National Cancer Institute who have all contributed so much of themselves to my continuing education as a physician and investigator, please accept my appreciation and utmost gratitude. JAMES H. DOROSHOW, MD To my wife, Kathy, and my sons, Benjamin, Nathaniel, and Jonathan. You are the lights of my life. I also acknowledge all of my mentors, colleagues, and patients, who have taught me so much. A special note of gratitude goes to Marty Abeloff, a mentor and an inspiring role model for career and for life. MICHAEL B. KASTAN, MD, PhD To my wife, Laurie, who has been my soul mate for many years and has constantly reminded me of life’s priorities. To my family including my daughters, Miriam and Abigail, my grandchildren, Zekariah, Zohar, Samuel, Marcello, Jonah, and Aurelio. They have been an inspiration. To my many teachers through the years who have helped define and foster my professional career, but especially Herman Suit and Eli Glatstein. JOEL E. TEPPER, MD Memoriam Martin D. Abeloff, MD (1942-2007) Martin D. Abeloff, a founding editor of Clinical Oncology, dedicated that would be as valuable to the practicing oncologist as to the his life to caring for patients with cancer and to teaching his art to primary care physician and physicians-in-training. The first edition fellows, residents, and students. He was a brilliant and caring clini- of Clinical Oncology was published in 1995 to a gratifying response. cian, an extremely effective leader, and a beloved mentor to many It is now established as a cornerstone reference for those caring for trainees and young faculty. patients with cancer. Marty was born on April 4, 1942, in Shenandoah, Pennsylvania. In the fifth edition, we continue Marty’s vision for an ever better, He received his BA from The Johns Hopkins University in 1963 and unique, and accessible text so that future generations of oncologists his MD from The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in will remember his inspiration and leadership. 1966. He spent the next year as an intern at the University of Chicago The editors again dedicate this text, which is already a recognized Hospitals and Clinics. His legacy in medicine was established on his tangible aspect of his legacy in medicine, as a living memorial to him. return to Baltimore in 1971 as a fellow in clinical oncology. He would Abeloff’s Clinical Oncology will continue to serve as a reminder to all spend the rest of his career at The Johns Hopkins Hospital, achieving its users of this extraordinary person and exemplary physician who the rank of Professor of Medicine in 1990. At various times, he served went before them. as the fellowship training program director, chief of medical oncology, John E. Niederhuber, MD clinical director of the cancer center, oncologist in chief at The Johns James O. Armitage, MD Hopkins Hospital, and in 1992, was appointed the second director James H. Doroshow, MD of The Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, later renamed, thanks to Michael B. Kastan, MD, PhD Marty’s efforts, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center. Joel E. Tepper, MD It was during his time as cancer center director that Marty brought to life the idea of a comprehensive, user-friendly textbook of oncology vii Preface With an avalanche of new insights into whole genome sequence and thorough in presenting the principles of clinical oncology. It is variations and the genomic structural alterations associated with meant to be equally useful to students and trainees, experts in the cancer, including their downstream effects on protein structure and various disciplines of oncology, and as a reference text for physicians function, we are defining the specific communication pathway from other medical disciplines and the various staff who regularly changes that drive the cancer initiation and development process. care for patients with cancer. It is our hope that readers will find this While in the fourth edition the early days of whole genome sequenc- scholarly textbook properly balanced between the disciplines of ing of patient tumors was beginning to suggest the presence of science, clinical medicine, and humanism and that it will serve them multiple tumor subtypes within each organ’s tumor, we are now well in their efforts to prevent, diagnose, and effectively treat their learning, in fact, that each individual and their tumor may be quite patients suffering from cancer. unique. Individual physiognomies in terms of path of progression The multidisciplinary nature of cancer care is, and will continue and unique cellular communication pathway alterations are begin- to be, reflected in our editors. Specialists in surgical oncology, pedi- ning to define and offer greater opportunities for highly prescriptive atric oncology, radiation oncology, medical oncology, and hemato- intervention(s). logic malignancies directed the development of the book. Reflecting We are also gaining a much greater understanding of the relation- the multispecialty approach necessary for optimal care of patients, ship of the host’s tissues to the process of tumor growth, invasion, many chapters are the joint product of several of these disciplines. and metastasis. This new knowledge of how the tumor’s microenvi- Engaging the very best subject matter authorities was a guiding prin- ronment is altered in terms of gene expression to support disease ciple for the editors and we are deeply indebted to our outstanding growth, invasion, and distant spread is again providing novel oppor- authors who, in a most diligent and thoughtful way, have brought tunities for therapeutic intervention. There is exciting new evidence their knowledge and skills to the fifth edition of Abeloff’s Clinical to support the presence of a special subclass of cells within the tumor Oncology. that has properties of “stemness,” which places them in the key role of maintaining tumor growth and tumor spread. The cumulative ACKNOWLEDGMENTS effect of these advances – where certain cancers can be prevented and where others will be detected earlier and controlled – promises to be This fifth edition represents a highly collaborative and dynamic effort transformative in our effort to conquer cancer. between the editors and Elsevier. We are greatly indebted to Taylor The fifth edition of Abeloff’s Clinical Oncology incorporates the Ball and Kathleen Schlom for their creative input and guidance and exciting advances in basic, translational, clinical, and epidemiologic for turning the principles behind this text into a reality. Finally, we oncology. Each chapter begins with a summary highlighting the key want to express our gratitude to our many contributing authors for points and includes self-assessment questions available on Expert their dedication to this project, their generosity of time and of course Consult that would, for example, allow one to be better prepared to their very valuable friendship. pass a specialty board exam. In addition to a critical analysis of the literature and updated clinical studies, authors present their own John E. Niederhuber, MD opinions in specially identified boxes and algorithms. James O. Armitage, MD Despite significant progress, the diagnosis of cancer remains dev- James H. Doroshow, MD astating to our patients and their families. Our goal is to provide a Michael B. Kastan, MD, PhD reference textbook that is the most useful, understandable, attractive, Joel E. Tepper, MD ix Contributors James L. Abbruzzese, MD Steven R. Alberts, MD Professor Professor of Oncology Chair, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Consultant in Medical Oncology Houston, Texas Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota Ghassan K. Abou-Alfa, MD Associate Attending Physician Michelle Alonso-Basanta, MD, PhD Gastrointestinal Oncology Service Assistant Professor of Radiation Oncology Division of Solid Tumor Oncology Perelman School of Medicine Department of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Associate Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine Megan E. Anderson, MD Weill Cornell Medical College Instructor of Orthopaedic Surgery New York, New York Harvard Medical School Attending Orthopaedic Surgeon, Department of Orthopaedic Janet L. Abrahm, MD Surgery Professor of Medicine Boston Children’s Hospital Harvard Medical School Attending Orthopaedic Surgeon, Department of Orthopaedic Chief, Division of Adult Palliative Care Surgery Psychosocial Oncology and Palliative Care Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Consultant in Surgery Boston, Massachusetts Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Boston, Massachusetts Jeffrey S. Abrams, MD Associate Director, Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program Emmanuel S. Antonarakis, MBBCh Acting Director for Clinical Research Assistant Professor of Oncology Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center National Cancer Institute The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine National Institutes of Health Baltimore, Maryland Bethesda, Maryland Frederick R. Appelbaum, MD Dara L. Aisner, MD, PhD Member and Director, Clinical Research Division Assistant Professor Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Department of Pathology Professor and Head, Division of Medical Oncology University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center University of Washington School of Medicine Aurora, Colorado Seattle, Washington Shaheen Alanee, MPH, MD Jonathan B. Ashman, MD, PhD Fellow, Urologic Oncology Assistant Professor of Radiation Oncology Department of Medicine Mayo Clinic in Arizona Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Scottsdale, Arizona New York, New York xi xii Contributors Juliet L. Aylward, MD Ross Stuart Berkowitz, MD Associate Professor William H. Baker Professor of Gynecology Department of Dermatology Harvard Medical School University of Wisconsin Director of Gynecologic Oncology Madison, Wisconsin Brigham and Women’s Hospital Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Ali A. Baaj, MD Boston, Massachusetts Instructor Department of Neurosurgery Donald A. Berry, PhD Spine Center Professor Johns Hopkins Hospital Department of Biostatistics Baltimore, Maryland Division of Quantitative Sciences The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Arjun V. Balar, MD Houston, Texas Assistant Professor Department of Medicine Therese B. Bevers, MD New York University Langone Medical Center Professor, Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention New York, New York Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences Medical Director, Cancer Prevention Center Lodovico Balducci, MD The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Professor of Oncology and Medicine Houston, Texas University of South Florida College of Medicine Tampa, Florida John F. Boggess, MD Associate Professor Nancy L. Bartlett, MD Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Professor of Medicine Division of Gynecologic Oncology Washington University School of Medicine University of North Carolina School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri Chapel Hill, North Carolina Qaiser Bashir, MD Leif-Erik Bohman, MD Assistant Professor Department of Neurosurgery Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Division of Cancer Perelman School of Medicine Medicine University of Pennsylvania The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Houston, Texas Michael J. Borowitz, MD Lynda Kwon Beaupin, MD Professor of Pathology and Oncology Assistant Professor of Pediatrics Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions School of Medicine and Biomedical Science Director of Hematopathology and Flow Cytometry State University of New York at Buffalo Johns Hopkins Hospital Assistant Professor of Pediatric Oncology Baltimore, Maryland Roswell Park Cancer Institute Buffalo, New York Jeff Boyd, PhD Senior Vice President Al B. Benson III, MD, FACP Molecular Medicine Associate Director for Clinical Investigations Fox Chase Cancer Center Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Northwestern University Chicago, Illinois Julie R. Brahmer, MD Associate Professor of Oncology Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Contributors xiii Joanna M. Brell, MD Jorge J. Castillo, MD Program Director/Medical Officer The Warren Alpert Medical School Community Oncology and Prevention Trials Research Group Brown University Division of Cancer Prevention Division of Hematology and Oncology National Cancer Institute Rhode Island Hospital/The Miriam Hospital National Institutes of Health Providence, Rhode Island Bethesda, Maryland Manpreet K. Chadha, MD Karen Brown, MD, FSIR Palo Verde Cancer Specialists Attending Phoenix, Arizona Interventional Radiology Service Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Richard Champlin, MD Professor of Clinical Radiology Professor and Chairman Department of Radiology Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Weill Cornell Medical College The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center New York, New York Houston, Texas Powel H. Brown, MD, PhD Alfred E. Chang, MD Professor and Chairman Hugh Cabot Professor of Surgery Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention Department of Surgery Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences University of Michigan Health System The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Ann Arbor, Michigan Houston, Texas Stephen J. Chanock, MD Paul A. Bunn, MD Chief, Laboratory of Translational Genomics Professor, James Dudley Chair in Cancer Research Director, Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory Division of Medical Oncology Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine Acting Co-Director, Center for Cancer Genomics University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center Office of the Director Aurora, Colorado National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health John C. Byrd, MD Rockville, Maryland Professor, College of Medicine The Ohio State University Vikash P. Chauhan, PhD Columbus, Ohio Research Fellow Radiation Oncology Dario Campana, MD, PhD Massachusetts General Hospital Professor, Department of Paediatrics Boston, Massachusetts Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Herbert Chen, MD Singapore Section of Endocrine Surgery Department of Surgery David P. Carbone, MD, PhD University of Wisconsin Department of Medicine, Medical Oncology Madison, Wisconsin The James Thoracic Center The Ohio State University Ronald C. Chen, MD, MPH Columbus, Ohio Assistant Professor Department of Radiation Oncology H. Ballentine Carter, MD University of North Carolina Professor of Urology Chapel Hill, North Carolina The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland
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