Abbreviations Dictionary Tenth Edition Dean Stahl Karen Kerchelich Originated by Ralph De Sola 9003_FM Page ii Tuesday, January 16, 2001 8:48 AM This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2001 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-9003-6 Library of Congress Card Number 00-058549 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stahl, Dean Abbreviations dictionary / Dean Stahl, Karen Kerchelich; originated by Ralph De Sola. -- 10th ed. p. cm. Rev. ed. of: Abbreviations dictionary / Ralph De Sola. 9th ed. 1995. ISBN 0-8493-9003-6 (alk. paper) 1. Abbreviations, English. 2. Signs and symbols--Dictionaries. 3. Acronyms. I. Kerchelich, Karen. II. De Sola, Ralph, 1908- Abbreviations dictionary. III. Title. PE1693 .D4 2000 423′.1--dc21 00-058549 CIP 9003_FM Page iv Tuesday, January 16, 2001 8:48 AM This is the short and the long of it. —Shakespeare 9003_FM Page v Tuesday, January 16, 2001 8:48 AM 9003_FM Page vi Tuesday, January 16, 2001 8:48 AM Contents Preface.......................................................................................................................xi Acknowledgments...................................................................................................xiii How to Use This Book............................................................................................xv A to Z.........................................................................................................................1 Abbreviations; Acronyms; Anonyms; Appellations; Computer Terminology; Contractions; Criminalistic and Data-Processing Terms; Genealogical Terms; Geographical Equivalents; Government Agencies; Historical, Musical, and Mythological Characters; Initialisms; Legal, Medical, Military, and Scientific Terms; Shortcuts; Short Forms; Signs and Symbols; Slang Airlines of the World...........................................................................................1109 Air-Pollution Index..............................................................................................1114 Airports of the World ..........................................................................................1115 American States and Capitals..............................................................................1134 Astronomical Constellations and Stars ...............................................................1135 Astronomical Symbols ........................................................................................1136 Bafflegab Divulged..............................................................................................1137 Bell Code from Bridge or Pilothouse to Engine Room .....................................1158 Birthstones—Ancient and Modern......................................................................1159 British Counties Abbreviated ..............................................................................1160 Canadian Provinces, Territories and Capitals .....................................................1161 Capitals of Nations, Provinces, Places, and States.............................................1162 C-B (Citizen’s-Band) Radio Frequency Shortwave Call Signs..........................1165 Chemical Element Symbols, Atomic Numbers, and Discovery Data................1166 Civil and Military Time Systems Compared ......................................................1169 Climatic Region Symbols....................................................................................1170 Corrections Facilities and Criminalistic Terms...................................................1171 Currencies of the World ......................................................................................1240 Diacritical and Punctuation Marks......................................................................1242 Dysphemistic Place Names .................................................................................1243 9003_FM Page vii Tuesday, January 16, 2001 8:48 AM viii Earthquake Data (Richter Scale).........................................................................1244 Emoticons ............................................................................................................1246 Eponyms, Nicknames, and Geographical Names...............................................1247 Fishing Port Registration Symbols......................................................................1400 Greek Alphabet....................................................................................................1401 International Civil Aircraft Markings..................................................................1402 International Conversions Simplified ..................................................................1403 International Radio Alphabet and Code..............................................................1404 International Symbols..........................................................................................1405 International Vehicle License Letters..................................................................1406 International Yacht Racing Union Nationality Codes.........................................1407 Inventions and Inventors......................................................................................1408 Irish Counties Abbreviated..................................................................................1411 Mexican State Names and Abbreviations ...........................................................1412 Musical Nicknames and Superlatives .................................................................1413 National Capitals .................................................................................................1433 National Holidays................................................................................................1435 National Parks in Canada....................................................................................1438 National Parks in the United States ....................................................................1439 Numbered Abbreviations.....................................................................................1440 Numeration ..........................................................................................................1450 Oldest North American Settlements....................................................................1451 Phobias.................................................................................................................1452 Ports of the World................................................................................................1456 Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States ..........................................1457 Principles, Laws, Rules, Theories, and Doctrines ..............................................1459 Proofreader’s Marks ............................................................................................1460 Railroad Conductor’s Cord-Pull Signals Plus Engineer’s Whistle Signals........1461 Railroads of the World ........................................................................................1462 Roman Numerals .................................................................................................1475 Rules of the Road—at Sea..................................................................................1476 Russian Alphabet (transliterated) ........................................................................1477 Ship’s Bell Time Signals.....................................................................................1479 Signs and Symbols Frequently Used ..................................................................1480 States, Nations, and Territories ...........................................................................1481 Steamship Lines...................................................................................................1482 Superlatives..........................................................................................................1488 9003_FM Page viii Tuesday, January 16, 2001 8:48 AM ix U.S. Naval Ship Symbols....................................................................................1515 Vehicle Registration Symbols (Index Markers)..................................................1517 Weather Symbols (Beaufort Scales)....................................................................1521 Wedding Anniversary Symbols ...........................................................................1522 Winds and Rains of the World............................................................................1523 Zip-Coded Automatic Data-Processing Abbreviations .......................................1527 Zodiacal Signs .....................................................................................................1529 9003_FM Page ix Tuesday, January 16, 2001 8:48 AM