Abatement of Environmental Pollutants: Trends and Strategies PDF
Preview Abatement of Environmental Pollutants: Trends and Strategies
ABATEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS TRENDS AND STRATEGIES Edited by P S ARDEEP INGH A K JAY UMAR A B NWESHA ORTHAKUR Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,Langford Lane,Kidlington,OxfordOX5 1GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2020ElsevierInc. Allrights reserved. Nopart ofthispublicationmay bereproduced ortransmitted inany formorbyanymeans, electronicor mechanical, includingphotocopying, recording,orany informationstorageandretrieval system,without permissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Details onhowtoseekpermission, further informationaboutthe Publisher’spermissions policiesandourarrangementswithorganizations suchastheCopyrightClearance CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividual contributionscontainedinitareprotected undercopyrightbythePublisher (otherthanasmaybenotedherein). 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publication Data Acatalogrecord forthisbook isavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-Publication Data Acataloguerecord forthis bookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-818095-2 ForinformationonallElsevierpublicationsvisitour websiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher: CandiceJanco AcquisitionEditor: Marisa LaFleur EditorialProjectManager:Michael Lutz ProductionProjectManager:Swapna Srinivasan CoverDesigner: MilesHitchen TypesetbyTNQTechnologies Contributors Mohd Aamir Center of Advanced Study in Shalini Gupta School of Environment and Sus- Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu tainable Development, Central University of University,Varanasi, India Gujarat,Gandhinagar,India ArifAhamad SchoolofEnvironmentalSciences Deepak Gupta Institute of Environment & (SES), Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu Delhi,India University,Varanasi,India Assel I. Akhmetova Advanced Technologies GarimaKaushik DepartmentofEnvironmental Center,Moscow,Russian Federation Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central Uni- Rahul Bhadouria Department of Botany, Insti- versityofRajasthan, Ajmer,Rajasthan, India tute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Razia Khan Department of Microbiology, Gir- Varanasi, India; Department of Botany, Uni- ish Raval College of Science, Gujarat Univer- versityofDelhi, Delhi,India sity,Gandhinagar,India A.K. Bhatiya Department of Biotechnology, Zeenat Khan Environmental Genomics and GLAUniversity,Mathura, India Proteomics Lab, BRD School of Biosciences, Muhammad Bilal College of Biotechnology, Satellite Campus, Sardar Patel University, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, VallabhVidyanagar,India Tianjin,China Arvind Kumar State Key Laboratory of Cotton Preetismita Borah CSIR-Central Scientific Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biol- InstrumentsOrganisation,Chandigarh,India ogy, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng,Henan,PRChina Anwesha Borthakur Leuven International and European Studies (LINES), Katholieke Uni- AjayKumar AgricultureResearchOrganization versiteitLeuven,Belgium (ARO),Volcani Center,Rishon LeZion,Israel Antra Chatterjee Molecular Biology Section, Cash Kumar Cytogenetics Laboratory, Depart- Centre for Advanced Study in Botany, ment of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu HinduUniversity, Varanasi,India University,Varanasi, India Manish Kumar CSIR-Central Scientific In- Mohd Ashraf Dar Department of Environ- struments Organisation,Chandigarh,India mental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Cen- Arun Kumar Bihar Agricultural University, tral University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, Sabour,Bhagalpur, India India Sughosh Madhav School of Environmental Pooja Devi CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Sciences (SES), Jawaharlal Nehru University, Organisation,Chandigarh,India NewDelhi,India Rajkumari Sanayaima Devi Deen Dayal P.K. Mishra Department of Chemical Engi- UpadhyayaCollege(UniversityofDelhi),New neering and Technology, Indian Institute of Delhi,India Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Vara- Akanksha Gupta Institute of Environment & nasi,India Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University,Varanasi, India ix x CONTRIBUTORS Virendra Kumar Mishra Institute of Environ- Rajesh Kumar Singh Department of Dravya- ment & Sustainable Development, Banaras guna, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras HinduUniversity, Varanasi,India HinduUniversity, Varanasi,India Arpan Modi Agriculture Research Organiza- TriptiSingh DepartmentofBiotechnology,GLA tion, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Devel- University, Mathura, India; Department of opmentVolcani Centre,Rishon LeZion, Israel ChemicalEngineeringandTechnology,Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu Uni- Dan Bahadur Pal Department of Chemical versity), Varanasi, India Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra,Ranchi,India Sandeep Kumar Singh Center of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Shilpi Pandey Department of Botany, Institute HinduUniversity, Varanasi,India of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Vara- nasi,India VipinKumarSingh CenterofAdvancedStudy Amit Kumar Patel Institute of Environment & in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi,India Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University,Varanasi,India ManojKumarSingh DepartmentofChemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz- Vipul Patel Environment Management Group, khas,India Center for Environment Education, Ahmeda- bad,India Rishikesh Singh Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu Bhawana Pathak School of Environment and University, Varanasi,India Sustainable Development, Central University ofGujarat, Gandhinagar,India Gurudatta Singh Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu DeepakPathania DepartmentofEnvironmental University, Varanasi,India Sciences,CentralUniversityofJammu,District Samba,India Raghwendra Singh Crop Production Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Priyanka CytogeneticsLaboratory,Department Varanasi, India ofZoology,InstituteofScience,BanarasHindu University,Varanasi,India Prashant Kumar Singh Agriculture Research Organization, Ministry of Agriculture and Ru- Bhadouria Rahul Department of Botany, ral Development Volcani Centre, Rishon UniversityofDelhi, NewDelhi,India LeZion, Israel Archana Rai Department of Molecular and Pratap Srivastava Department of Botany, Insti- Cellular Biology, Sam Higginbotom Institute tute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences Varanasi, India; Shyama Prasad Mukherjee (SHIATS), Allahabad, India Government Degree College, Phaphamau, Amit Ranjan Department of Kayachikitsa Prayagraj,India Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu Akhileshwar Kumar Srivastava The National University,Varanasi,India Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben- Divya Singh Center of Advanced Study in Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu Israel University,Varanasi,India Neha Srivastava Department of Chemical Pardeep Singh Department of Environmental Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute Science, PGDAV College, University of Delhi, of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), NewDelhi,India Varanasi, India xi CONTRIBUTORS Manita Thakur Department of Chemistry, Juan Francisco Villareal Chiu Universidad Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Solan, Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Cien- India cias Químicas, Laboratorio de Biotecnología. Kangming Tian Department of Biological Av. Universidad S/N Ciudad Universitaria, SanNicolásdelosGarza,NuevoLeón,Mexico Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin Wang Wenjing State Key Laboratory of Cotton University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, Biology,HenanKeyLaboratoryofPlantStress China Biology,School ofLife Science, Henan Univer- Dhanesh Tiwary Department of Chemistry, sity,Kaifeng,Henan,China Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-BHU), Deepanker Yadav Department of Vegetable Varanasi,India and Fruit Science, Institute of Plant Science, Sachchidanand Tripathi Deen Dayal Upad- AgricultureResearchOrganization(ARO),The VolcaniCenter,Rishon LeZion, Israel hyaya College (University of Delhi), New Delhi,India Igor V. Yaminsky Lomonosov Moscow State Ruchita Tripathi Department of Dravyaguna, University,Moscow,RussianFederation Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University,Varanasi, India C H A P T E R 1 Bioremediation: a sustainable approach for management of environmental contaminants 1 2 3 Pardeep Singh , Vipin Kumar Singh , Rishikesh Singh , 4 5 5 Anwesha Borthakur , Sughosh Madhav , Arif Ahamad , 6 7 8 Ajay Kumar , Dan Bahadur Pal , Dhanesh Tiwary , 9 P.K. Mishra 1Department of Environmental Science, PGDAV College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India; 2Center of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; 3Institute of Environment & Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India; 4Leuven International and European Studies (LINES), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium; 5School of Environmental Sciences (SES), Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; 6Agriculture Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel; 7Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India; 8Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-BHU), Varanasi, India; 9Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India 1. Introduction Polluted soil resulting from industrial or agricultural processes poses serious health hazards to humans and animals and thus can have damaging consequences on the ecosystems by making land inappropriate for cultivation and other fiscal purposes. Various industries such as carpet, textile, and petrochemical production create intensive problems in thenaturalenvironmentbydisposingtoxicwastesononehandandgeneratingahugequan- tity of waste, oily sludge, and petroleum waste enriched soil on the other hand, which constitutes a major confront for hazardous waste management (Farhadian et al., 2008). AbatementofEnvironmentalPollutants 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818095-2.00001-1 Copyright©2020ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 2 1. Bioremediation:asustainableapproachformanagementofenvironmentalcontaminants Apart from this, oil shipping is also one of the key causes of environmental contamination where the land and water gets polluted because of the oil spill, ship breakage, and seepage of oil pipelines. Theeconomicallyviableandenvironmentallyfeasiblemanagementofindustrialsludgeis amajorconcernworldwide.Fordisposalofindustrialsludge,globallyadoptedtechnologies comprise of landfilling, high-temperature drying, sludge spreading on land surface, lime added stabilization, burning, and composting. Because of excessive expenditure on sludge management, the majority of textile industries in India generally released their wastewater effluents in the farming fields, open dumps, fallow land, and ineffectively controlledsanitarylandfillsandalongsidetherailwaytracks.Itfurthercontaminatesground- water causing serious human health hazards. Meanwhile, low availability of landfill area, rigorousnationalwastesdiscardingpolicy,andlocalpeopleawarenesshavecausedlandfill- ing and land spreading highly costly and impractical. The sludge management practices in most of the developing countries are not well developed. Currently, several factories and municipalities are working on environment-friendly and low-cost sludge treatment practices.Thus,itisimperativetomitigatetoxicenvironmentalcontaminantsforsustainable development (Kümmerer et al., 2019). A number of physical and chemical methods are currently being employed at large scale for municipal wastewater management chiefly based on sewage treatment plants (STPs). Inadditiontobuildingexpenses,upholdingtroublesintreatmentplantshasraisedthequery of sustainability. Furthermore, surplus sewage sludge formed by these treatment plants has posed more severe confines on release during the previous few decades (Vigueros and Camperos, 2002). Several developing countries cannot meet the expense of construction of STPs,necessitatingthedevelopmentofsomeeco-friendlyandeconomicallyfeasiblemachin- ery for in situ wastewater management. Under such critical conditions, a few eco-friendly techniques can resolve the limitations linked with secure and economically efficient wastewater management machinery. Bioremediation is an emerging and innovative technology because of its economic feasibility, enhanced competence, and natural environment friendliness. The technology uses various eco-friendly microbial processes to handle the ever-rising environmental pollution problem.Insuchapproaches,microbesadjustthemselvesagainstnoxiouswastesandenviron- mentallyadaptedmicrobialstrainsgrownaturally,whichsubsequentlyconvertawidevariety of toxic chemicals into nontoxic forms. The microbial degradation of xenobiotics is based on enzyme activities. It further includes rhizoremediation, phytoremediation (McCutcheon and Jørgensen, 2008; Chang et al., 2009), and vermicomposting depending on the biological activities involved. Phytoremediation is based on plant-assisted extenuation of pollutant concentrations at the contaminated sites, whereas rhizoremediation includes the elimination ofspecificpollutantsfromimpuresitesbythemutualinterfaceofplantrootsandappropriate microbial flora (Rajkumar et al., 2012). Because bioremediation appears to be a promising substitute to conventional cleanup machinery, extensive research is being carried out in this field.Vermicompostingandvermifiltrationarenaturalwastemanagementproceduresrelying on the utilization of worms to change organic wastes to form soil-enriching compounds (Vettori et al., 2012). Domestic wastewater and industrial sludge management can be accom- plished through these processes in a sustainable way (Benitez et al., 2002). In addition, a substantial decrease in pathogens has been observed up to the end-products level.Therefore, 3 2. Applicationofbioremediationforenvironmentalpollutantscleanup it can be securely used for land application. Biological methods have been reviewed and acknowledged for remediation of environmental pollutant. In this chapter, we have tried to focusontheapplicationofbiologicalmethodswhichwereusedforeffectivewastetreatment. Several different strategies of bioremediation have also been discussed in later sections. 2. Application of bioremediation for environmental pollutants cleanup In previous decades, rapid industrialization, urbanization, and indiscriminate resource utilization by ever-increasing human population have increased the contamination of atmo- sphere,landsurfaces,andgroundandsurfacewaters.Thewide-scaledegradationofnatural resources constitutes a major threat to public health around the globe. Majority of contami- nantsaffecting soil and water system are heavy metals, pesticides, petroleumhydrocarbons, and large amountof toxic industrialeffluents. These xenobiotics of anthropogenic originare recalcitrant in nature. In the current scenario, restoration of degraded land, water, and soil system is only possiblebysustainableandeco-friendlyprocesses.Amongthevariousrecentprocessesbeing used for the abatement of environmental pollution, bioremediation is recognized as an emerging methodology for the restoration of polluted environments. However, its ground levelapplicabilityisrestrictedbecauseofdifferentclimaticfactors.Variousmicrobesdegrade recalcitrant pollutants under aerobic or anaerobic conditions through complete mineraliza- tion or cometabolism by using pollutants as their carbon sources. Bacteria and fungi have been reported as favorable and potential candidates for both in situ and ex situ degradation of organicpollutants present atcontaminated sites.Furthermore, themicrobes can begenet- ically engineered for efficient degradation of environmental contaminants. Nevertheless, extensive political and ethical concern restricts the wide-scale applicability of genetically engineered organisms. The current biotechnological progress such as the use of proficient microbial consortia, indigenous microbes, application of specific enzymes, biosurfactant, and rhizoremediation are the new prospects in bioremediation technology. A schematic representation of various methods and techniques applied for bioremediation of different inorganic and organic contaminants has been illustrated in Fig. 1.1. 2.1 Bioremediation strategy for hydrocarbon contaminated water and soil Bioremediationofhydrocarbonpollutedsoilsandgroundwaterusingbacteriahasgained immense consideration recently. Bacteria can degrade a large number of toxic hydrocarbons underbothaerobicandanaerobiccircumstances.Benzene,toluene,ethylbenzene,andxylene (BTEX) compounds are typical examples of hydrocarbons and are carcinogenic (de Graaff et al., 2011) and neurotoxic in nature. Moreover, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classifiedthesehydrocarbonsasprioritypollutantsrequiringstrictregulation.Whenorganic contaminants such as BTEX are released into the environment (Jin et al., 2013), the function and structure of the microbial communities are generally affected. Although significant researches on biodegradation of BTEX components by bacteria (Li et al., 2012) have been reported, however, most of the studies have concentrated on the degradation of only one or two components by bacterial isolate (Table 1.1). Furthermore, it is recognized that the 4 1. Bioremediation:asustainableapproachformanagementofenvironmentalcontaminants (A) Bioremediation of heavy metals Biosurfactants Insitu Bio- precipitation Bio Metal uptake by sor organism Biological B ption anCde allgurliocsuiclt muraatle wriaaslste s sIumRlfamadtoeio brneiludizcualcitdtiioeon n iorestoratioEnhanced n InsituAs removal by Fe oxides & microorganisms (B) Bioremediation techniques Natural attenuation Biopile u sit n- Enhanced Windrow E I x -s Bioreactor itu Land Farming Bioslurping Bioventing Biosparging Phytoremediation IPnoollrugtaannitc EDCs OPorlgluatnaicn t Xenob io tics Arsenic Dye FIGURE 1.1 Different strategies (A) and methods (B) of bioremediation of various inorganic and organic contaminants.
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