AASHTO: Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges

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By Authority Of
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Legally Binding Document
By the Authority Vested By Part 5 of the United States Code § 552(a) and
Part 1 of the Code of Regulations § 51 the attached document has been duly
INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE and shall be considered legally
binding upon all citizens and residents of the United States of America.
HEED THIS NOTICE: Criminal penalties may apply for noncompliance.
e
Document Name:
CFR Section(s):
Standards Body:
Official Incorporator:
THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL REGISTER
WASHINGTON, D.C.

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
for
HIGHWAY BRIDGES
Adopted by
,The American Association of State Highway Officials
ElEVENTH EDITION
1973
Published by the Association
General Offices
341 National Press Building
Washington, D.C. 20004
Copyright 1973
Second Printing. 1973 SM
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF STATE HIGHWAY OFFICIALS
OFFICERS FOR 1973
President: Thomas F. Airis, Washintgon, D.C, 1973
First Vice President: Ward Goodman {Deceased March 15, 1973}
Regional Vice Presidents: Region I Raymond T. Schuler, New York, 1973
Region II A. B. Ratcliff, Jr. Louisiana, 1973
Region III Robert N. Hunter, Missouri, 1974
Region IV James A. Moe, California, 1974
Past Presidents: (Ex Officio) David H. Stevens, Maine
Charles E. Shumate, Colorado
Douglas B. Fugate, Virginia
Federal Highway Administrator: {Ex Officio}
R. R. Bartelsmeyer, Acting Administrator
Members: Wm. N. Price, Arizona, 1973
Jay W. Brown, Florida, 1973
George H. Andrews, Washington, {Interim} 1973
Wm. S. Ritchie, Jr. West Virginia, 1974
John C Kohl, New Jersey, 1975
Ray Lappegaard, Minnesota, {Interim} 1973
R. H. Whitaker, New Hampshire, 1976
J. R. Coupal, Jr., Iowa, 1976
Treasurer: S. N. Pearman, South Carolina, 1976
Executive Director: Henrik E. Stafseth, Washington, D.C
ii
OPERATING SUB-COMMITTEE ON BRIDGES
AND STRUCTURES 1973
CHARLES S. MATLOCK, Alaska, Chairman
W. JACK WILKES, Federal Highway Administration, Secretary
ALABAMA, B. E. HIGGINS
ALASKA, DONALD HALSTED
ARIZONA, MARTIN TONEY
ARKANSAS, VERAL PINKERTON
CALIFORNIA, JAMES E. McMAHON, A. E. ELLIOTT
COLORADO, PAUL CHUVARSKY
CONNECTICUT, ROBERT A. NORTON, EDMUND T. KOENIG
DELA WARE, ROBERT C. McDoWELL
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, G. I. SAWYER, BERNARD J. O'DONNELL
FHWA, W. JACK WILKES
FLORIDA, TOM ALBERDI, JR.
GEORGIA, RUSSELL L. CHAPMAN, VERNON W. SMITH, JR.
GUAM
HAWAII
IDAHO, ROBERT JARVIS
ILLINOIS, C. E. THUNMAN, JR., EDWARD J. KEHL
INDIANA, NELSON W. STEINKAMP, F. R. RICHARDSON
IOWA, CHARLES PESTOT~IK
KANSAS, CHARLES CARPENTER, E. E. WILKINSON
KENTUCKY, CHARLES G. COOK, J. T. ANDERSON
LOUISIANA, DAVID HUVAL, SIDNEY L. POLEYNARD
MAINE, THEODORE KARASOPOULOS
MARYLAND, WALTER H. BIDDLE, H. H. BOWERS
MASSACHUSETTS, JOHN J. AHERNE, JR.
MICHIGAN, NELSON JONES
MINNESOTA, LEO A. KORTH
MISSISSIPPI, BENNIE D. VERRELL, V. W. GUY
MISSOURI, W. D. CARNEY
MONTANA, HOWAIW E. STRATTON
NEBRASKA, CHARLES D. SMITH
NEVADA, ALLAN ODELL
NEW HAMPSHIRE, E. T. SWIERZ
NEW JERSEY, WARREN ,J. SUKDERLAND
NEW MEXICO, T. E. MCCARTY, J. A. SEIBERT
NEW YORK, ROBERT N. KAMP
NORTH CAROLINA, J. L. NORRIS, L. M. TEMPLE
NORTH DAKOTA, ALLEN J. ANDERSON
OHIO, ROBERT PFEIFER
OKLAHOMA, V],LDO GOINS
OREGON, WALTER S. HART
PENNSYLVANIA, BERNARD KOTALIK
PUERTO RICO, JOSE J. MUNIZ, SAMUEL LABOY
SOUTH CAROLINA, M. D. MOSELEY, W. E. CRUM
SOUTH DAKOTA, K. . C. WILSON
TENNESSEE, R. C. ODLE, HENRY DERTHICK
TEXAS, WAYNE HENNEBERGER
UTAH, RAY BEHLING
VERMONT, WENDELL M. SMITH
VIRGINIA, FRED G. SUTHERLAND, E. H. JONES
WASHINGTON, C. S. GLOYD
WEST VIRGINIA, HARRY H. STEPHENS, ROBERT C. SMITH
WISCONSIN, WILLIAM A. KLINE
WYOMING, CHARLES WILSON
iv
CONTENTS
Page
Preface ......................................................... xxxi
Introduction ..................................................... xxxii
Division I Design ............................................. 1
Division II Construction ........................................ 247
Appendix A Tables of Maximum Moments, Shears and Reactions, Stan-
dard Loadings ..................................... 411
Appendix B Truck Train and Equivalent Loadings ................. 415
Appendix C Formulas for Steel Columns .......................... 416
Appendix D Position and Direction of Neutral Axis and Formulas for
Stresses .......................................... 433
Index 434
Division I
DESIGN
Article Page
Design Analysis ......................................... 1
SECTION I-GENERAL FEATURES OF DESIGN.......... 1
1.1.1 Bridge Locations ........................................ . 1
1.1.2 Bridge Waterways ...................................... . 1
(A) Site Data .................................... . 1
(B) Hydrologic Analysis ........................... . 2
(C) Hydraulic Analysis ........................... . 2
1.1.3 Pier Spacing, Orientation and Type ...................... . 2
1.1.4 Culvert Waterway Openings ............................. . 2
1.1.5 Culvert Location and Length ............................. . 3
1.1.6 Width of Roadway and Sidewalk .......................... . 3
1.1.7 Clearances ............................................. . 3
(A) Navigational .................................. . 3
(B) Vehicular ..................................... . 4
(C) Other ........................................ . 5
1.1.8 Curbs and Sidewalks .................................... . 5
1.1.9 Railings ............................................... . 5
(A) Traffic Railing ................................ . 5
(B) Pedestrian Railing ............................. . 7
1.1.10 Roadway Drainage ...................................... . 8
1.1.11 Superelevation .......................................... . 8
1.1.12 Floor Surfaces ......................................... . 8
1.1.13 Blast Protection ........................................ . 8
1.1.14 Utilities 9
1.1.15 Roadway Width, Curbs and Clearances for Tunnels ......... . !)
(A) Roadway Width ............................... . 9
(B) Clearance Between Walls ...................... . 10
(C) Curbs ........................................ . 10
(D) Vertical Clearance ............................. . 10
1.1.16 Roadway Width, Curbs and Clearances for Depressed Roadways 10
(A) Roadway Width ............................... . 10
/T"Io\ ........
vi CONTENTS
Article Page
1.1.17 Roadway Width, Curbs and Clearances For Underpasses ..... . 10
(A) Widths ....................................... . 10
( B) Vertical Clearance ............................ . 12
(C) Curbs ........................................ . 12
SECTION 2-LOADS ..................................... 12
1.2.1 Loads ................................................. . 12
1.2.2 Dead Load ............................................. . 12
(A) Unit Load on Culverts ......................... . 13
(B) Shear in Top Slabs ............................ . 14
1.2.3 Live Load .............................................. . 14
1.2.4 Overload Provision ...................................... . 14
1.2.5 Highway Loadings ...................................... . 14
(A) General ...................................... . 14
(B) H Loadings ................................... . 15
(C) HS Loadings ........ , .... , .................... . 16
(D) Classes of Loadings ........................... . 16
(E) Designation of Loadings ........................ . 18
(F) Minimum Loading ............................. . 18
1.2.6 Traffic Lanes ........................................... . 18
1.2.7 Standard Trucks and Lane Loads ......................... . 18
1.2.8 Application of Loadings ................................. . 19
(A) Traffic Lane Units ............................. . 19
(B) Number and Position, Traffic Lane Units ......... . 19
(C) Lane Loadings-Continuous Spans .......... , ... . 19
(D) Loading for Maximum Stress ................... . 19
1.2.9 Reduction in Load Intensity ............................. . 20
1.2.10 Electric Railway Loading ............................... . 20
1.2.11 Sidewalk, Curb and Railing Loading ...................... . 20
(A) Sidewalk Loading ............................. . 20
(B) Curb Loading ................................. . 21
(C) Railing Loading ............................... . 21
1.2.12 Impact ................................................. . 22
(A) Group A .................................... " . 22
(B) Group B ...................................... . 23
(C) Impact Formula ............................... . 23
1.2.13 Longitudinal Forces ..................................... . 23
1.2.14 Wind Loads ........................................ , ... . 24
(A) Superstructure Design ......................... . 24
(B) Substructure Design ........................... . 24
(C) Overturning Forces ........................... . 26
1.2.15 Thermal Forces ......................................... . 26
1.2.16 Uplift ................................................. . 26
1.2.17 Force of Stream Current, Floating Ice and Drift ........... . 27
1.2.18 Buoyancy .............................................. . 27
1.2.19 Earth Pressure ......................................... . 27
1.2.20 Earthquake Stresses .................................... . 27
1.2.21 Centrifugal Forces ...................................... . 28
1.2.22 Loading Combinations ................................... . 28
SECTION 3-DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS ................. 29
1.3.1 Distribution of Wheel Loads to Stringers, Longitudinal Beams
and Floor Beams ..................................... . 29
(A) Position of Loads for Shear ..................... . 29
(B) Bending Moment in Stringers and Longitudinal
Beams ...................................... . 30
(C) Bending Moment in Floor Beams (Transverse) ... . 32
CONTENTS vii
Article Page
1.3.2 Distribution of Loads and Design of Concrete Slabs and Multi-
Beam Precast Concrete Bridges ......................... 32
(A) Span Lengths .................................. 32
(B) Edge Distance of Wheel Load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
(C) Bending Moment............................... 34
(D) Edge Beams (Longitudinal) ..................... 35
(E) Distribution Reinforcement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
(F) Shear and Bond Stress in Slabs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
(G) Unsupported Edges, Transverse ........ " ...... " 35
(H) Cantilever Slabs .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
(1) Slabs Supported on Four Sides .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
(J) Median Slabs .................................. 37
1.3.3 Distribution of Wheel Loads Through Earth Fills. . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.3.4 Distribution of Wheel Loads on Timber Flooring . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
(A) Flooring Transverse ............................ 37
(B) Flooring Longitudinal .......................... 37
(C) Continuous Flooring ............................ 38
1.3.5 Distribution of Loads and Design of Composite Wood-Concrete
Members ............................................. 38
(A) Distribution of Concentrated Loads for Bending Mo-
ment and Shear .............................. 38
(B) Distribution of Bending Moments in Continuous
Spans ........................... , .... , .. ,... 38
(C) Design ........................................ 38
1.3.6 Distribution of Wheel Loads on Steel Grid Floors .. . . . . . . . . . . 39
(A) General ....................................... 39
(B) Floors Filled with Concrete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
(C) Open Floors.................................... 39
1.3.7 Moments, Shears and Reactions ........................... 40
SECTION 4-SUBSTRUCTURES AND RETAINING WALLS.. 40
1.4.1 Allowable Stresses ...................................... . 40
1.4.2 Bearing Power of Foundation Soils, Determination of Bearing
Power ............................................... . 40
1.4.3 Angles of Repose ....................................... . 41
1.4.4 Bearing Value of Piling ................................. . 41
(A) General ....................................... . 4]
(B) Case A. Capacity of Pile as a Structural Member .. 41
(C) Case B. Capacity of Pile to Transfer Load to the
Ground ..................................... . 43
(D) Case C. Capacity of the Ground to Support the Load
Delivered by the Pile ......................... . 44
(E) Maximum Design Loads for Piles ................ . 45
(F) Uplift ........................................ . 45
(G) Group Pile Loading ..... ' " ............... , ., .. . 45
1.4.5 Piles ................................................... . 46
(A) General ...................................... . 46
(B) Limitation of Use .............................. . 46
(C) Design Loads ................................. . 46
(D) Spacing, Clearances and Embedment ....... , .... . 46
(E) Ba tter Piles ................................... . 47
(F) Buoyancy ..................................... . 47
(G) Concrete Piles (Precast) ....................... . 47
(H) Concrete Piles (Cast-in-Place) .................. . 48
(I) Steel H-nilf'f< .... J.R
viii CONTENTS
Article Page
1.4.6 Footings ................................................ 50
(A) Depth ......................................... 50
(B) Anchorage ..................................... 50
(C) Distribution of Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GO
(D) Spread Footings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
(E) Internal Stresses in Spread Footings ............. 50
(F) Reinforcement ................................. 52
(G) Transfer of Stress from Vertical Reinforcement . . . . 52
1.4.7 Abutments .............................................. 52
(A) General ....................................... 52
(B) Reinforcement for Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
(C) Wing walls .................................... 53
(D) Drainage ...................................... 53
1.4.8 Retaining WaUs ......................................... 53
(A) General ....................................... 53
(B) Base or Footing Slabs................... .. ...... 53
(C) Vertical WaUs ................................. G4
(D) Counterforts and Buttresses ..................... 54
(F) Reinforcement for Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
(F) Expansion and Contraction Joints ... , . . ... . . ..... 54
(G) Drainage ...................................... 54
1.4.9 Piers ................................................... 54
(A) General........................................ 54
(B) Pier Nose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
1.4.10 Tubular Steel Piers ...................' ................... 55
(A) Use ........................................... 55
(B) Depth ......................................... 55
(C) Piling ......................................... 55
(D) Dimensions of SheU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 55
(E) Splices and Joints .............................. 55
(F) Bracing ....................................... 55
SECTION 5-CONCRETE DESIGN ....................... G6
1.5.1 Allowable Stresses ...................................... . 56
(A) Standard Notations and Assumptions ............ . 56
(B) Strength of Concrete ........................... . 56
(C) Allowable Stresses-Concrete ................... . 57
(D) Allowable Stresses-Reinforcement ............. . fJ7
1.5.2 General Assumptions ................................... . 58
1.5.3 Span Lengths .......................................... . 59
1.5.4 Expansion ............................................. . 60
1.5.5 T-Beams ............................................... . 60
(A) Effective Flange Width ......................... . 60
(B) Shear ........................................ . 60
(C) Isolated Beams ................................ . 60
(D) Diaphragms .................................. . 61
(E) Construction Joints ................. , ......... , . 61
1.5.6 Reinforcement ......................................... . 61
(A) Spacing ...................................... . 61
(B) Covering ..................................... . 61
(C) Splicing ...................................... . 61
(D) End Anchorages and Hooks ..................... . 62
(E) Extension of Reinforcement .................... . 63
(F) Structural Steel Shapes ........................ . 63
(G) Interim Reinforcement for T -beams and Box
Girders ..................................... . 63