Table Of Content

TheH istoorfy PHOTOGRAP HY \-ONf!NED TO LIBRARY j 8 • 7· Fig • . • . • • • ... • • • .. • '" " •· ,. � • • • • • • • • .. • .. • • • •' • • * ... " • • " .. • • • • • • • •· •·" • * • • •· .. • ' � • • • .. • ... • ., • • • • .. .. " • • • • .. ,,,• • • .. " • • •• • •• .. •· . • -� .. .. • • • • • • " • ... • .. •· • .. • • • • Fi� • • • • • .. C' • .. .. .. . • • " .. ·• • • • � • .. •· " * • 4 • • • • • • • .. • <t • • • • • • • � ·• • 1stor e 0 fromt hcea moebrsac tuotr hbaee ginonfti hmneog d eerrna COJ\JFINE To HELMUT GERNSHE·IM LIBP�&7 inc ollabowriatthi on ALISON -GERNSHEIM wit3h9 0p hotograanpdeh nsg ravings .II l .· I .,;$ �·• \.. f S<1; _. ._... KlNGi" LYNN. T&H THAMES AND HUDSON LO ND O N · Inh onoaunrld o vmienmoorf g y ALISONG ERNSHEIM whoster agdiecao tnh2 7 Marc1h9 69 hadse primvee-da ft2e7ry eaorfsm arriage •• ofa w onderfcuolm pniaona,ni decaoll laborator anda w isceo unsellor ) i8651 C� I� NORFOLK EDUCATION THE COUNTY T�.:.c HN\CA L COLLEGE·U BRA R'< Kl"G'SL YNN. Firpsutb lisihne1d 9 55b yt heO xforUdn iversPirteys s Thisr evisaendd e nalrgeedd itni©o 1969 Helmuatn dA lisoGne rnhseim AllR ightRse serveNdo. p arotf t hipsu blicna mtiaoy ber eproducsetdo,r eidna retrieval systeomr,t ramnistteidn,a nyf ormo rb ya nym eanse,l ectromneicch,a nicpahlo,t ocopying, recordionrog t herwiwsiet,h outth ep riopre rmissoifot nh·ep ublishers FilmsbeytV .S ivitSemri t&h Co.L td.B,i rmingham Illustrarteipornosd ucienGd e rmanbyy K lischeewerkdsetraI tntdeuns trite,dW iieenssbaden PrintiendS witzerlbaynI dm primerRieeusn ieSs. A.L,a usanne Boundi nH ollanbdy V anR ijmenamN .V,.T heH ague 5000 1060 9 ' . CONTENTS page Foreword II Introduction I3 I THE PREHISTOROY F PHOTOGRAPHY 15 1 Theh istooftr yhc ea meorbas cura I7 Origiinnt hed arkenreodo mw iths malhlo lfeo rt heo bservatoifso onl aerc lipses-gradual improvemeonftt h iem agebsyt hea dditoiofln e nsaensdd iaphragmsb-yua sret isstcsi-optric ballP.o rtabclaem eroab scurfao rd rawing-tteynpte -disguciasmeedr oab scuras-small boxa ndr eflecxa merarse adfyo rp hotograipnh1 y6 8-5-populoaft rhiect aym eroab scura asa na idi np aintianngds cientiilfilcu striantt hieeo ing hteeanntdeh a rlnyi neteecnetnht uries -sedacnh aitra,b laen,d m iniatucraem eras-camleurciad a. 2 Photocheimnivceaslt igations 30 Darkenionfgs ilvsearl btys lighnto tk nownt ot hea lchemists-Spcrhoudluzcele isg ht imageosn c arbonoafts ei lvienr1 725-secwrreitt iwnigt hn itraotfse i lver-lsiegnhsti tivity ofs ilv.ecroh rlide-DLerw ias linbke tweeSnc hulzaen dW edgwoodS-cheedlies covers ammoniaas fi xinagg enatn dt havti olreaty asr ec hemicatlhlemy o sta ctive-discoofv ery infra-arnedud l tra-vriaoylse-tS chuolbzsee'rsv atwiiodne ldyi sseminated. 3 Phantoofm psh otography 35 'Giphantai feo'r,e cast-BLroorudg hamc'lsa im-ProfCehsasrolre ssi'lsh ouettes. Thefi rscto ncepotfpi hoont ography 37 4 JosiaWhe dgwood'csa meroab scura-tLhuen arS ociety-ThoWmeadsg wood'psh oto grapheixcp erimentsH-uSmiprh ryD avy'cso llaboration-puobflt ihceairtrei s9unl itns 180-2succesosnflubyly s uperposintoitio ntn h,e c amera-inabtiofil xii tmya gesm-yat hical accouonftW edgwood'psh otography-disseomfih niaest xipoenr iments. II THE INVENTOIN OF PHOTOGRAPHY 53 5 Heliography 5 .5 NicephoNriee pcefi'rss att tempattsp hotogprhay-partiafilxleyd p aperp hotographs advancoen Wedgwood-Heliogrcaopphyio cf a n engravin1g8,2 2-bituomfeJ nu dea proceosns glasasn dm eta-lthew orld'fisr stp hotogra1p8h2,6 -istusb sequehnits tory andr ediscovery-Ncioempmcuen'isc attioto hne R oyaSlo cietpya-rtnerwsihtihDp a guerre to exploHietl iography-pleartfeerc tbeyd N iepcdee Saint-Vi-cNtioerpcec'asm eras. 6 Contents 6 Thed aguerreotype � aguerrDei'osr ama-attetmopm task et hei mageosf t hec ameroab scurpae rmanent d1scoveorfty h ed evelopmeonftt h el ateinmta gea,n da meanso ffi xation-fisrusctc essful daguerreot1y8p3e7,- attemtpoet xsp lotihtep rocess-patroofAn raaggeo -FrenGcohv ern men acuiretsh ed aguerreoptryopcee s1s8,3 9-pensifoonrDs a guerraen dN iepces'osn � 9 pubhcat1oofnt hep rocess-foefaa rrst ists-'Daguerreo-tdyipsoamdavnainat'oa fgt ehse daguertryepoe-daguerreoouttyfiptes . 7 Negative/pporsoicteiosvnsep e asp er 75 PhotogenDirca wing-FoTxa lbots'kse tchiwnigt hc amerlau cidaan dc ameroab scura leadtso d esitroefi x imagebsy chemicmaela ns-experimweintthss i lvcehrl oripdaep er contaccotp ieasn dc amervai ews-earlsiuersvti vipnagp enre gativ1e8,3 5-photoomicr graphs-announcoefmP ehnott ogenDirca wing1,8 39-posiptriivnet s-puibnldiicff erence tot hei nvention-photocgarmaeprhaiascn dp apeorn sale-discoovfte hreyl ateinmta ge, 1840s,p eedusp t hep rocess-ctahleo tyTpael-botc'asm eras. 8 Direpcotst iivoensp aper HippolyBtaey ard-negatainvded si recpto sitimvaedse i nt hec amereaa rliyn 1 839- Bayardp'hso tograepxhhsi bited-discboyu rAargaegdo -procneostds i vulguendt i1l8 40 -dispuotvee rp riority-odtihreeprco ts itipvaep eprr ocesses. 9 Otheirn depenidnevnetn tors 88 FriedriGcehr ber-dirpeocsti tiavned n egative/pocsaimteirvpaeh otograpohns p aper contaccto pies-suggeosft pihoont ograpfhoyr b ook illustration-phgortaopmhisc.r o Rev.J .B . Reade'sso lamre zzotinctosn,t accotp iecsa,m erpah otograpahnsd,p hoto micrographsd-ihsicso veprayt entbeyd T albot-witinne sTsa lbovte rsuLsa rocthrei al. Kobelaln dS teinhecialm'esrp ah otograp1h8s3,9 -SJiorh nH erscheiln'dse pendiennvte ntion ofp hotograp'hhyy-p-oo'r igionft hew ords' photogra'pnhe'g,a ti'vpeo's,i t-ipvheo't o grapopn g lass. IIIT HEE ARLYY EARSO F PHOTOGRAPHY 113 10 Thed aguerreiontF yrpaen ce 115 Travelldianggu errepoitsytsx-cEursiDoangsu erriennes-aatttp eomrpttrsa i-tLuerreebours' andB issonsst'u dios-instanvtieawnse-ozuesn iotfhp opular1i8t4y7 -panoravmiiecw s increaspionpgu laroiftp ya peprh otography. 11 Thed aguerreiontA ympeer ica 120 Firsdta guerreoitnyN peew World-Morsaen'dsD rapere'xsp eriments-epaorrltireasitt s Daguerraeg'esn itnA merica-Gouraduadg'use rreoetxyhpieb itiinNo enw York-:adviocne takinpgo rtraits-Wolmciortrto'crsa mera-worlfidr'sstp hotograpphoirct rasittu dio Morsea ndD raperp'osr trasittu dio-daguerrooftY yupceast aCna, liforannidaR ocky Mountains-Bra'dGya'lsl eorfIy l lustrAimoeursi ca-nzse'n itofhp opular1i8t5y3 -tfihres t photograpjhoiucr nal-Amerdiacgaune rreotayttp heesG reaEtx hibition. 12 Thed aguerreiontG yrpeeaB tr itain 130 LegaliotfyD aguerrEen'gsl ipsaht ent-absoefna cmea teudra guerreotypists-exhibitions andd emonrsattions-Clatuhdefie rts lti censee-exptoosolu ornegf orp ortraiture-speeded upb yW olcottm'isr rocra meraan da ccelerawtiitohbn r omine-fiprusbtl ipco rtrsatiutd io March1 841-Beaprudr chastehsep atent-accelewriatthci holno rine-riovfa Blerayr d and Claudet-coloudraignuge rreotypes-pbaaicnktgerdo unds-draerdk rooml ight hintosn s ittedrr'essa sn de xpression-reitnaflrudeinnocgfet hep atents-laBwesaurvidet r sus Egerton-Bebaarndk'rsu ptcy-Cla'utdeemtp'tlsoe p hotograp-hoyt'h eLro ndons tudios thed aguerreoitnyt pheep rovinces-ThDoamvaisd sopno'rst rlaeintas n dm etadla guerreo typec amera-Scotsttiusdhi os-ocfoo sutt fiatn dc hemicals. Contents 7 13 Thed aguerreionGt eyrpmea n-specaokuinntgr ies 155 Introducotfit ohned aguerreoitnyB peer lin-Steimnihneiialt'ucsra em erafi-rspto rtriani t Germany-Petzvaplo'rst rlaeints -rKatochwiclhae'msi caaclc eleraVtoiiognt-lancdaemre ra -firsts tudiionV ienn-aDaguerreotCylpuebi nV ienn-afirstp ortrasittu diion B erlin Biow and Stelznesrt'usd iHoa,m bur-gearliensetw sp hotogra-pBhisow's' National · Galleroyf P hotograpPhoirct ra-iLtesi'p zipgo rtraitistesx-hfiirbsitto ifop no rtrabiyt s ]. B.I senring-Ise'nSroinnnge'nsw a-gMeonl'l ingeSrw'issvs i ews. 14 Thec alotaynpdoe t hpearp eprr oceisnsG erse aBtr ita1i6n2 Lacko f populariotfy t hec alotype-irkpsaotmeenr te stiriocntsT-albotm'ost iveisn patenting-Cotlhlefie rns ptr ofessicoanlaolt ypist-introofdr uecttoiuocnh ing-Claudet's 0. calotyppoer traitsc-atlhoet yipnSe c otland-cfiarlsott yppoer traMiaty, 1 841-D. Hill andR . Adamsonc'asl otyppoer traaintdvs i ewsO.t heprr ocesses-blueprRienatdsi-ntgh e printiensgt ablish'mTehnetP -enciolf N atur-e''S unP icturiensS cotla-nHde'n neman's portrasittu dio-fadinCga-ltohtey Cpleu b-critiocfiT saml botp'ast ents-photogarta phy theG reaEtx hibint-ipoartriealla xatoifto hnec alotyppaet ent-fiprhsott ograpehxihci bition inB ritain-establoifst hhmePe hnott ograpShoicci ety-gtohled epne rioodf p hotography onp ape-rcamerafso rt hep apeprr ocesseso-fca opspta raatnudsm aterials. 15 Photogroanpp hayp eirno thceoru ntries 185 The calotyipneG ermanyA,u striAam,e ricaan,d F ranceB.l anuqart-Evraprrdo'ecss s hisp rintiensgt ablishamteL nitl le-eaFrrleyn cphh ootgraphicaillllyu strbaotokesd MaximeD u Camp'se astetronu r-GustLaev Ger ay'wsa xedp apeprr ocess-Stohcei ete Heliograqpue-hwiorkf ort heC ommitteoef H istorMiocn ument-sgenrpeh otgoraphy- · VictoHru goi ne xile. f Thei nturcotdioopnh otogroanpg hlya ss 194 Earleyx perimeonnt gsl a-saslbumepnr oceosfsN iepcdee S aint-Victor-aplabpuemren enormoucso nsumptioofne ggs-invenotfit ohne c ollodiporno cebsys ScotA.rtc her Talbot injusttiocA er chetrh,e t ruien ventor-Tacllbaoitmt sh ec ollodiporno cess-lawsuit Laroche versus resulitnfs r eeipnhgo tograpfhryo mt hep atent. IV THE COLLODIONP ERIOD 229 • f 17 Thep opulariozapthiootno graphy 231 . . Instructiinpo hno tography-reploaptuilvaer oiftt yh ed ifferepnrto ceesss-establishment ofn ewp hotograpshoicci eties. 18 Portrpahiott ograpnheywi- nad ustry 234 Increaisne p rofessipohnoatlo graphers-retouchifnogr-p cohratrrgaeaismt bsr-otypes, melainotyapnedsf ,e rrotypesc-htehaept rader-low-sctlraespesht o togrearpshc-osto f materials. 19 'Higahr tp'h ootgraphy 243 Exaggeractleadi mfso rp hotograpahsay n a r-tBaudelaidriea'tsr- ifbaencicfoumlp ositions byL akeP ricRee,j landReorb,i nsoann,dJ uliMaa rgarCeatm eron-cliche-verre. 20 Stereospchooptiocg raphy 253 Binoculvairs ion-Wheatsrteoflneec'tsis ntge reopsec-Borewstelre'nst icusltaerr eoscope stereoscdoapgiuce rreotypes-sC lsatuedreeto's cionpsitcr uments-Breawtsttaecrok'nss Wheatsteo-nmass-produocfts itoenr pehoo tographso-ptthiec waoln dero ft hea ge-the poorm an'psi ctugrael lery-deacnldri envei voafsl t ereoscopy-anaglyphs-asntde reoscopic othesrm alcla meras. 8 Contents 21 Instantapnheootuosg raphy Instantansetoruesve ite.w sw itht raffic-photogrwaipthhcs l ouds-GLrea y'sse ascapes printincgl-oiund Wsi-..ls on''sS cottGiesmhs '. 22 Newsp hotography 266 Royalo ccasioannsd o theerv ents-Fentaonnd'R so bertsodno'csu mentatoiofn tsh e CrimeaWna r-Beatop'hso tograopfht sh eI ndiaMnu tinayn dt heO piumW ar-French documnetatioofnI talian/AuWsatrr-itahnAe m ericaCni viWla r-theF ranco-Prussian Wara ndP ariCso mmune. 23 Landscaanpdae rhcitectpuhroatlo graphy 275 Thet ravelplhiontgo graphbeurr'dse n-rebuiolfdt ihneCg r ystPaall ace-Atrhceh itectural PhotograpAhsisco ciation-topogbroaopkihsli lcuaslt rwaittehpd h otographsS-otchiee ty forP hotographtihneRg e liocfsO ldL ondon-leadFirnegn cGhe,r mana ndI talpihaont o graphe.rs-Cl'iVffooyradge'ensE spagne'-FraintdB he'dsf orjdo'usr neiynts h eN earE ast photograipnhIy n diaan dt heF arE ast-pionoefet rhseA mericaWne st-mountpahiont o graphiyn t heA lpsa ndH imalayas. Thec arte-dep-evriisoidt e 293 Who introddu tchee car?t-ei ptos pularizdauteit ooDn i sde-trhiec olclteinmga niaf-ornteus made by cartes-sterepootsyepse-ds tupdrioop ertiesp-htohteo graaplhb um-taoxn photoagprhs-canrotvee lties-cartec-admee-rvaiss-iCtaeb ainndoe tt henre wf ormats. f 25 Somea moupso rtrhaoitto ghrears p p ThomasA nnan-JuMlairag arCeatm eron-Nadar-CarjatS-aAldoammo n-LeCwairsr oll MathewB rady. 26 Mammotahn dm iniatpuhroet ographs 311 Earleyn largerss-otlhacera meraan do theern largers-enslearrvgiicnge s-liefnel-asrigzee ments-gicaanmte ras-photogpraanpohriacm aRse.d uction-foroefmc iacsrto fildmo cu mentatni-omicrophotographs-micropjheowteolglrearpyhp-iitcgh eeo pno sdtu rintgh e Siegoef P aris-oufsm ei crophotogriansp physi ng. f 27 Thee volutoidorny l ates 322 p A dryp erioadtp hotograpshoicci eties-preosred rrvyac toilvleo dpiroonc ess'ecsu-linary perio-dc'o llodio-alpbruomceens s-ficrosmtm erciaplrloyd ucepdl ates-tapnrnoicne ss alkaldienvee lopment-colelmoudlisoindo rny p lates-eaatrtleym pattps h otograwpihtyh gelatinei_:cptauibolonf g elateimnuel siboynD r Maddox1,8 71i-mportainmtp rovements by BurgesKse,n netatn,d B ennett-largep-rsocdaulceto ifod nr yp lates-gtehlea tidnrey platseu persecdoelsl odion-porfpi lcaetse s-orthocharnodmp aatnicch romaetmiucl sions. 28 Permanepnhto tographs 335 Fadinogf s ilvperri nts-Ftahdei nCgo mmittee-Sutptroinn'tsie nsgt ablishmentn-tp igme printiwnigt hc hromisca lt�-MunPgoon tond'iss coveorfyt hel ight-sensoiftb iivity chromatoef p otash-Poitecvairnb'opsnr ocseess-Swanp'esr fecctaerdb opnr oceasnsd photomeztziontW-oodburytype-StannPohtoytpoeg.r apohns porcelagilna,s asn d enam-eIlvorypteysp-hotograpohns silka nd lin-eunraniupmr itnin-gWothlyptey platinotype. V THE GELATINEP ERIOD 397 29 Emulsipoane rasn dm assp-roducptriionnt ing 399 p Collodiloo-rcihdaen d gelatibnreo midpea per-develaonpde dp rintjng-goeulta tine chloripdaep er-gelacthilnoer o-bropmaipdeer -mass-prodpurcitnitoinn g-condoift ions labour-WG.. W ilsonp'rsi ntiensgt ablis-hamuetnotmatpirci ntimnagc hines. · Contents 9 30 Photogroanpfi hlym 405 Strippifinlgm -revivoafpl a penre gatives-flefixlimb-lcee llulaonidnd i tro-celfilullmo se -lawsuGioto dwivne rsuEsa stman-proifcfi elsm . 31 Handp,o ckeatn,dd etecctaimveer a·s 4TO . New apparataufst er8r 8 0-chnageb-ox,m agazinreo,l ler-salniddr eo,l l-ficlamm eras-the Kodak-reflceaxm eras-pocckaemte ras-deteccatmievrea s-shutters-emxeptoesrusr.e 32 Push-bupthtootno graphy 422 Photograpmhayd ee asy-amatsenuarp shooters-mass-profoa dpupcatriaotnmu ast,e rials, andp ictures-photogfroartp hheym illion-stactoinscteircnsi tnhgei ncreaisnep hoto graphers-compeatnidtu inodne rcuttcianugs ian dge pressiinop nr ofessipohnoatlo graphy. 33 Photogrbaypa hryt ificliiaglh t 426 Limeli..g.;.ph..ytrotechcnoimcp ounds-magnesliiugmhf to rp hotographiincn agv etsu,n nels, minesa,n di nt heG reaPty ramid-flashploiwgdhetr a ndfl ashb ulbs-Nadaerl'esc tlriigch t picturients h ec atacomobfsP aris-elelcitgrhpitoc r trasittu dios-ftahseh ifoonr e vening photograpghays--lig'hLtu-xogra.p h' 3 Thep hotogroafpm hoyv ement 4 4 33 Actiosnh otosf e verydlaiyf e-impoafci tn stantanpehooutso grapohny t heI mpressionist painters-sstcreeneewtsi tht raffic-photograanpahliycs oifms o vement-Marecyh'rso no graphy-Muybridignev'ess tigaotfia onnism allo comotni-othe' rockihnogr sef'a llacy instrumednetmso nstratpienrgs isteonfc vei si-oMnarey'csh ronophotog-rcaipnheyma tography-wtohrek o fA nschutz-multliepnlcsea meras-eleflcatsrhpi hco tography-the movingw heelex periment-photogorffla ypihnybg u lleatnsdo fs plashes. 35 Documentation 447 Sociadlo cumentatiPoonn:t iV'esn eticahna ractTehrosm-son''sS treLeitf ien L ondon-' 'Chinaan dI tPse oplaen'd ' TheP eoploef india'-Annpahno'tso grapshuircv eoyfG lasgow slum-ssocoilogcialp hotograpohfs R iisa nd Hine-SanF ranciscCoh'isn ato-wPnaul Martint hefi rstc andicda merama'nL-ondobny Nigh-tt'h eN ationaPlh otographic RecorAds sociation-Adtogceutm'esn tatoifoP na ris-Poelxaprl oration. 36 Prepshso tography 452 Attituodfen ewspapetrosp hotography-topphioctaolg raphsfi-rtshpteh oto-interview photograpohfts h eB oerW ar-thefi rswto man prespsh otographer-apgreenscsi es-press cameras. 37 Naturalpihsottiocg raphy Emersonp'hso tograpohfst heN orfolBkr oads-revoifvl aaln dscappheo tography-soft versussh arp-influoefnI cmep ression'iDsema-tohf N aturaliPshtoitco grap-htyh'eL inked Ring. 38 Thea esthmeotviecm ent Controlplreidn tipnrgo cesbsreisn 'gf reedformo mp hotograp-fihny 'd es iecplheo tography extollbeyd artc ritics-exhiinb airttem du seums-Shawa nd photography-imitation paintingsn-oaurvte apuh otograpihnyF rancAeu,s triHaa,m burg-thAem ericaPnh oto Secession-StsiG eagllliet2rz9y'1 a nd' CamerWao rk'. VI SOME APPLICATIONOSF PHOTOGRAPHY 505 39 Aeripahlo tography 507 Firsate ripahlo tograph-Nadbaarl'lso o'nL eG eant'-fiaresrti pahlo tograipnhA merica Batutk'ist peh otography-pfihrostto grafprhosm a na eroplane-rpohcokteotg raphy. Contents 10 40 Under-wpahtoetro graphy 511 Firasttt embpytT hompson-Bazdiinv'isn g-pbheoltlo graphy-Boutteacnh'nisci amlp rove mentisn s ubmaripnheo tography. 41 Photogroafpc hryii mnals Firpshto togratpahkse inna p rison-idepnotrittryao ifpt rsi soners-wpaenrtseodnp so's ters theT ichborcnaes e-Bertiplhlyosni'cmsae la suremesnyts tem-finger-.p rints .. 42 Medicpahlo tography X-rapyh otography. VII THE EVOLUTIONO F COLOUR PHOTOGRAPHY 519 43 Thee volutoifco onl opuhro tography 521 Initidails appointamtel natc ko f colour-three-pchooltoougrr aphCyl:e rk-aMxwell's demonstration-Dduuc Hoasu rona'nsd C harlCerso s'cso rretchte ories-esnseeendft oira l panchroatmiecm ulsions-Ivvaersi'oisun ss trumefnotrts a kinagn dv iewincgo loupri ctures colousrc reperno cesosfeJ so layn dM cDonough-tLhuem icrAeu tochropmlea tteh,efi rst successpfruolc ess-oatdhdeirt iavned s ubtracptriovcee ssAetst.e mptastp hotograpihny naturcaoll oubrys BecquerNeile,p cdee S aint-Victor-Lipipnmtaenrnf'esr pernoccee ss diffractpiroonc eosfsR . W. Wood. VIIIP HOTOGRAPHY AND THE PRINTEDP AGE 537 44 Photomechparniitncianplgr ocesses 539 Photo-engraving-deatgcuheerdr eotpylpaet es-photoglyphy-photogalvanography-first publicaotfip ohno tograipnhp sr intiinngk -Talbcolta imPsh otogalvanography-Dallastype -Heliograev-uprhotogravurer-arvoutroPegh.o tolithogrbaipthuym-eann db ichromate methods-applictaot Gioovne rmnent maps-photozinchoyg-rcaopllotype-phototype Albertype-Lichtdruck-HPehloitoot-ytpyebp.le o ck( 'half-tpornoec ess')-seuagrly gestiofnosrs creens-phlys syisctaeomf p roducidnogt s-tchreo -slsinsec reen-photographs 1nn ewspapers. Conclusion 553 Then ecessfiotrpy u blicco llectoifop nhso tography. Noteosn t htee xt 555 Bibliography 580 Appendix Exposutriem es. Approximapteer ioodfsp hotograpphriocc esisnevse ntbeedf oer 1914. Milestoinnep sh otograpohpitci cs. Thefi rsdte cadoefp hotograpshoicci eties. Thefi rsdte cadoef p hotograpjhoiucr naalnsda nnuals. Sourcoefis ll ustrations 588 Index FrontispAibebceNe o:l leTte.n tC amerOab scur1a7,5 5