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A World History of Nineteenth-Century Archaeology: Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Past (Oxford Studies in the History of Archaeology) PDF

501 Pages·2008·4.53 MB·English
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Preview A World History of Nineteenth-Century Archaeology: Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Past (Oxford Studies in the History of Archaeology)

OXFORDSTUDIESINTHEHISTORYOFARCHAEOLOGY EditorialBoard BETTINA ARNOLD MICHAEL DIETLER STEPHEN DYSON PETER ROWLEY-CONWY HOWARD WILLIAMS OXFORD STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGY consists of scholarly works focusing on the history of archaeology throughout the world. The series covers the development of prehistoric, classical, colonial, and early historic archaeologies up to thepresent day.Thestudies, although researched at the highest level, are written in an accessible style and will interestabroadreadership. A World History of Nineteenth-Century Archaeology Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Past ´ MARGARITA DIAZ-ANDREU 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dp OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto WithoYcesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork (cid:1)MargaritaDı´az-Andreu2007 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2007 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Dataavailable TypesetbySPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby BiddlesLtd.,King’sLynn,Norfolk ISBN 978–0–19–921717–5 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 To my husband, Angel, and my daughter Anna This page intentionally left blank Preface In1999,whileorganizingaone-dayconferenceon‘NationalismandArchae- ology’ held in the London School of Economics, I was encouraged by the well-known scholar of nationalism, the sociologist Anthony Smith, to write anoverview.By thenIwasnotnewtothesubject.OvertheyearsIhadbeen contributingtothelivelydebateoverthevalueofunderstandingthepolitical context for the development of archaeology. This contested the previously dominantinternalistperspectiveonthehistoryofarchaeology,whichfocused on the progress of archaeological thought while taking little, if any, account of the socio-political and economic framework in which it was formulated. As part of the debate, I edited books on nationalism (Dı´az-Andreu & Champion 1996b; D´ıaz-Andreu & Smith 2001), and women in academia (D´ıaz-Andreu&Sørensen1998b),aswellasproducingworkmorenarrowly related to the archaeology of particular countries, Spain and, to a lesser extent, Britain. Throughout the 1999 conference it became obvious how uneven our understanding of developments in archaeology beyond Europe was. It was unclearhowimperialismandcolonialismhadaVectedarchaeologicalpractice inthecolonies,aswellasinpartsoftheworldwhichresistedcolonialismsuch asChinaandJapan.Also,studiesonthegrowthofprofessionalarchaeologyas ahegemonicdiscoursehadnotbeenmatchedbyanexaminationofwhether thishadbeencontestedbyaminorityofarchaeologiststhemselvesandbythe generalpublic,andwhethertherehadbeenalternativeaccounts.Suchstudies had also focused on a narrow period starting in the late nineteenth century, but theliterature on the impact on archaeologyof the rise of nationalism in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, a topic explored by a handful of history of art scholars, was practically ignored by archaeologists. The organization of a joint conference between archaeologists and sociolo- gists also highlighted the potential for archaeology to proWt from insights formulated in other social sciences, such as history,sociology,historyof art, thehistoryofscience,andliterarystudies. Ihavebeenworkingontopicsrelatedtothesubjectofthisbookformore thanadecadeandonthemanuscriptitselfforsevenyears.Thishasrequired metoundertakeanextremelywidereadingandIhaveneededtimetoreXect uponpreviouslyundetectedconnectionsbetweendiVerentpartsoftheglobe. Thisdoesnotmeanthateverybodywhoworkedinarchaeologyanywherein the world is mentioned here. This would not only be impossible, but also viii Preface belongtoadiVerentsortofundertaking.Myinitialaimwastoincludeinthis book thenineteenth and thetwentieth centuries, but Isubsequently realized that I could not cover all the issues in a single volume. However, chapters relating totwentieth-centuryarchaeologyhavealready beenwrittenandwill hopefullyformpartofafuturevolumethatwillmostprobablytakeafairdeal ofeVorttocomplete.Thisisaworkofsynthesis.Nevertheless,itisamorein- depth study than initially intended. To a considerable extent the research conducted for this project is based on three major types of readings. In the Wrstplace,Ihaveexploredanarrowselectionofcontemporaneouswritingsby antiquarians,archaeologists,andotherscientistsandthinkers.Secondly,this workhasgreatlybeneWtedfromanalysesofthehistoryofsciencecarriedout byanthropologists,historians,andphilologists.Finallyandmostimportantly, I have drawn on many studies on the history of archaeology in several languages, including English, German (to the extent that my knowledge of thelanguagehasallowedme),andseveralRomancetongues(French,Italian, and Spanish), which have helped my work tremendously and of which the bibliography at the end of the book is, I hope, good reXection. Nonetheless, I cannot pretend to have covered the entire literature of the subject. I am constrainedbymylimitedmasteryofmostoftheworld’slanguages,inwhich alotofinterestinginformationisnodoubttobefound. While I alone am responsible for what has been written, I would like to acknowledgethegreatdebtIowetoinstitutionsandcolleaguesforproviding essential support. A small—but extremely helpful—dean’s fund in the sum- mer of 2004 made it easier for me to use the British Library to access information diYcult to obtain otherwise. An invaluable grant from the AHRC allowed me extra time for research during October to December 2004,inadditiontothetwosabbaticaltermsprovidedbytheuniversity.This madeitpossibleformetohaveagood,Wrstdraftofthevolumereadybythe timeIreturnedtomyteachingcommitments.Theresearchcommitteeinmy departmentalsoprovidedmewithWnancialhelptopayfortheeditingofthe English of the original text and later helped to alleviate my administrative commitments at the time when the volume had to be revised in light of the readers’ comments in summer 2006. As a non-native English speaker, for the successful completion of the project a team of English editors was needed: I am most grateful to Anwen CaVell, Gary Campbell, Jaime Jennings, Anne O’Connor, Megan Price, Kate Sharpe, and Angel Smith. I am also indebted to the large number of people who, over many years, have assisted with the writing of this project. My greatest debt is to Suzanne MarchandandtotwootheranonymousreadersforOxfordUniversityPress, who oVered insightful critiques of my manuscript. My response to their manycommentshasgreatlyimprovedthequalityofthebook.Thefollowing Preface ix scholars suggested ideas and shared information after having read one or more chapters: Nadia Erzini, Anna Leone, and Stephen Vernoit for North African archaeology, Daniel Scha´velzon for Latin America, Jarl Nordbladh for early nineteenth-century European archaeology, Rasmi Shoocongdej for Siam (Thailand), Neil Silberman for the archaeology of the biblical lands, GinaBarnesandLotharvonFalkenhausenforEastAsia,DanielSaundersfor the Russian Empire, Charles Higham for Southeast Asia and Dilip Chakra- barti and Sudeshna Guha for India. Many others have been ready to answer speciWc questions and provided me with interesting ideas. In alphabetical order, these are Lois Armada, Marcello Barbanera, Tim Bayliss-Smith, Gary Campbell,HaydonL.Cherry,B.F.Cook,PerCornell,JordiCortadella,Noe¨l Coye, Chris Evans, Lothar von Falkenhausen, Vı´ctor Ferna´ndez, Lucio MenezesFerreira, PedroPauloFunari, BrienK.Garnand, NormanGirardot, ChrisHeaton,ChristineHertler,CarolineHumphreys,JørgenJensen,Matthew Johnson, Lise Bender Jorgensen, Anessa Kassam, Lars Larsson, Jose´ Ramo´n Lo´pez Rodr´ıguez, Peter Manuelian, Suzanne Marchand, Jaume Masso´, Aron Mazel,ChrisMiele,IgnacioMontero,GloriaMora,OscarMoro,TimMurray, Aleksandr Naymark, Elisabeth Nordbladh, Anne O’Connor, Ayse Ozdemir, David W. Phillipson, Peter Rowley-Conwy, Laurajane Smith, Pamela Jane Smith,UlrikeSommer,MarieLouisStigSørensen,RuthStruwe,IgorL.Tikho- nov, Mogens Trolle Larsen, Luis Va´zquez Leo´n, Guus Veenendaal, Stephen Vernoit, Ha˚kan Wahlquist, Hartmut Walravens, Stine Wiell, Penny Wilson, and Oliver Zimmer. This book owes an intellectual debt to many people in Spain (for the whole list see Dı´az-Andreu 2002: 11–13), to Bruce Trigger’s work,whichhasmadehistoryofarchaeologyanacceptableenterpriseinthe eyesofmycolleaguesandtothemembersoftheAREA(ArchivesofEuropean Archaeology) project. This volume should be seen as contributing to the project’sgoals.Iwouldliketoexpressmysincerethankstoallthosementioned abovefortheirencouragement.Last,butnotleast,thankstoDurhamlibrary, andespeciallytoJohnLumsden,KatePage,CaroBaker,andHeatherMedcalf, for having searched and made available a wide range of publications which havegreatlyenrichedthiswork. Portions of Chapter 1 were published in the introductory chapter of the volumeeditedwithAnthonyD.SmithonNationalismandArchaeologyinthe journalNationsandNationalism7.4.IdeassubsequentlyincludedinChapter2 were Wrst part of a lecture tour of Brazil in 1999 when, thanks to Professor Pedro Funari, I was invited by the FAPESP (the Science Foundation of the StateofSa˜oPauloinBrazil)toteachintheuniversitiesofCampinas,Joinville andSa˜oPaulo.ThecoreofChapters4,7,and10wasinitiallydraftedduringa lecture tour in Mexico (Mexico City, Xalapa, and Me´rida), organized by Enrique Florescano and Alain Schnapp in December 1997, and other ideas

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