A World History of Nineteenth-Century Archaeology: Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Past (Oxford Studies in the History of Archaeology)

501 Pages·2008·4.53 MB·English

OXFORDSTUDIESINTHEHISTORYOFARCHAEOLOGY
EditorialBoard
BETTINA ARNOLD
MICHAEL DIETLER
STEPHEN DYSON
PETER ROWLEY-CONWY
HOWARD WILLIAMS
OXFORD STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGY consists of
scholarly works focusing on the history of archaeology throughout the
world. The series covers the development of prehistoric, classical, colonial,
and early historic archaeologies up to thepresent day.Thestudies, although
researched at the highest level, are written in an accessible style and will
interestabroadreadership.
A World History of
Nineteenth-Century
Archaeology
Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Past
´
MARGARITA DIAZ-ANDREU
1
3
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To my husband, Angel, and my daughter Anna
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Preface
In1999,whileorganizingaone-dayconferenceon‘NationalismandArchae-
ology’ held in the London School of Economics, I was encouraged by the
well-known scholar of nationalism, the sociologist Anthony Smith, to write
anoverview.By thenIwasnotnewtothesubject.OvertheyearsIhadbeen
contributingtothelivelydebateoverthevalueofunderstandingthepolitical
context for the development of archaeology. This contested the previously
dominantinternalistperspectiveonthehistoryofarchaeology,whichfocused
on the progress of archaeological thought while taking little, if any, account
of the socio-political and economic framework in which it was formulated.
As part of the debate, I edited books on nationalism (Dı´az-Andreu &
Champion 1996b; D´ıaz-Andreu & Smith 2001), and women in academia
(D´ıaz-Andreu&Sørensen1998b),aswellasproducingworkmorenarrowly
related to the archaeology of particular countries, Spain and, to a lesser
extent, Britain.
Throughout the 1999 conference it became obvious how uneven our
understanding of developments in archaeology beyond Europe was. It was
unclearhowimperialismandcolonialismhadaVectedarchaeologicalpractice
inthecolonies,aswellasinpartsoftheworldwhichresistedcolonialismsuch
asChinaandJapan.Also,studiesonthegrowthofprofessionalarchaeologyas
ahegemonicdiscoursehadnotbeenmatchedbyanexaminationofwhether
thishadbeencontestedbyaminorityofarchaeologiststhemselvesandbythe
generalpublic,andwhethertherehadbeenalternativeaccounts.Suchstudies
had also focused on a narrow period starting in the late nineteenth century,
but theliterature on the impact on archaeologyof the rise of nationalism in
the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, a topic explored by a
handful of history of art scholars, was practically ignored by archaeologists.
The organization of a joint conference between archaeologists and sociolo-
gists also highlighted the potential for archaeology to proWt from insights
formulated in other social sciences, such as history,sociology,historyof art,
thehistoryofscience,andliterarystudies.
Ihavebeenworkingontopicsrelatedtothesubjectofthisbookformore
thanadecadeandonthemanuscriptitselfforsevenyears.Thishasrequired
metoundertakeanextremelywidereadingandIhaveneededtimetoreXect
uponpreviouslyundetectedconnectionsbetweendiVerentpartsoftheglobe.
Thisdoesnotmeanthateverybodywhoworkedinarchaeologyanywherein
the world is mentioned here. This would not only be impossible, but also
viii Preface
belongtoadiVerentsortofundertaking.Myinitialaimwastoincludeinthis
book thenineteenth and thetwentieth centuries, but Isubsequently realized
that I could not cover all the issues in a single volume. However, chapters
relating totwentieth-centuryarchaeologyhavealready beenwrittenandwill
hopefullyformpartofafuturevolumethatwillmostprobablytakeafairdeal
ofeVorttocomplete.Thisisaworkofsynthesis.Nevertheless,itisamorein-
depth study than initially intended. To a considerable extent the research
conducted for this project is based on three major types of readings. In the
Wrstplace,Ihaveexploredanarrowselectionofcontemporaneouswritingsby
antiquarians,archaeologists,andotherscientistsandthinkers.Secondly,this
workhasgreatlybeneWtedfromanalysesofthehistoryofsciencecarriedout
byanthropologists,historians,andphilologists.Finallyandmostimportantly,
I have drawn on many studies on the history of archaeology in several
languages, including English, German (to the extent that my knowledge of
thelanguagehasallowedme),andseveralRomancetongues(French,Italian,
and Spanish), which have helped my work tremendously and of which the
bibliography at the end of the book is, I hope, good reXection. Nonetheless,
I cannot pretend to have covered the entire literature of the subject. I am
constrainedbymylimitedmasteryofmostoftheworld’slanguages,inwhich
alotofinterestinginformationisnodoubttobefound.
While I alone am responsible for what has been written, I would like to
acknowledgethegreatdebtIowetoinstitutionsandcolleaguesforproviding
essential support. A small—but extremely helpful—dean’s fund in the sum-
mer of 2004 made it easier for me to use the British Library to access
information diYcult to obtain otherwise. An invaluable grant from the
AHRC allowed me extra time for research during October to December
2004,inadditiontothetwosabbaticaltermsprovidedbytheuniversity.This
madeitpossibleformetohaveagood,Wrstdraftofthevolumereadybythe
timeIreturnedtomyteachingcommitments.Theresearchcommitteeinmy
departmentalsoprovidedmewithWnancialhelptopayfortheeditingofthe
English of the original text and later helped to alleviate my administrative
commitments at the time when the volume had to be revised in light of
the readers’ comments in summer 2006. As a non-native English speaker,
for the successful completion of the project a team of English editors was
needed: I am most grateful to Anwen CaVell, Gary Campbell, Jaime
Jennings, Anne O’Connor, Megan Price, Kate Sharpe, and Angel Smith.
I am also indebted to the large number of people who, over many years,
have assisted with the writing of this project. My greatest debt is to Suzanne
MarchandandtotwootheranonymousreadersforOxfordUniversityPress,
who oVered insightful critiques of my manuscript. My response to their
manycommentshasgreatlyimprovedthequalityofthebook.Thefollowing
Preface ix
scholars suggested ideas and shared information after having read one or
more chapters: Nadia Erzini, Anna Leone, and Stephen Vernoit for North
African archaeology, Daniel Scha´velzon for Latin America, Jarl Nordbladh
for early nineteenth-century European archaeology, Rasmi Shoocongdej for
Siam (Thailand), Neil Silberman for the archaeology of the biblical lands,
GinaBarnesandLotharvonFalkenhausenforEastAsia,DanielSaundersfor
the Russian Empire, Charles Higham for Southeast Asia and Dilip Chakra-
barti and Sudeshna Guha for India. Many others have been ready to answer
speciWc questions and provided me with interesting ideas. In alphabetical
order, these are Lois Armada, Marcello Barbanera, Tim Bayliss-Smith, Gary
Campbell,HaydonL.Cherry,B.F.Cook,PerCornell,JordiCortadella,Noe¨l
Coye, Chris Evans, Lothar von Falkenhausen, Vı´ctor Ferna´ndez, Lucio
MenezesFerreira, PedroPauloFunari, BrienK.Garnand, NormanGirardot,
ChrisHeaton,ChristineHertler,CarolineHumphreys,JørgenJensen,Matthew
Johnson, Lise Bender Jorgensen, Anessa Kassam, Lars Larsson, Jose´ Ramo´n
Lo´pez Rodr´ıguez, Peter Manuelian, Suzanne Marchand, Jaume Masso´, Aron
Mazel,ChrisMiele,IgnacioMontero,GloriaMora,OscarMoro,TimMurray,
Aleksandr Naymark, Elisabeth Nordbladh, Anne O’Connor, Ayse Ozdemir,
David W. Phillipson, Peter Rowley-Conwy, Laurajane Smith, Pamela Jane
Smith,UlrikeSommer,MarieLouisStigSørensen,RuthStruwe,IgorL.Tikho-
nov, Mogens Trolle Larsen, Luis Va´zquez Leo´n, Guus Veenendaal, Stephen
Vernoit, Ha˚kan Wahlquist, Hartmut Walravens, Stine Wiell, Penny Wilson,
and Oliver Zimmer. This book owes an intellectual debt to many people in
Spain (for the whole list see Dı´az-Andreu 2002: 11–13), to Bruce Trigger’s
work,whichhasmadehistoryofarchaeologyanacceptableenterpriseinthe
eyesofmycolleaguesandtothemembersoftheAREA(ArchivesofEuropean
Archaeology) project. This volume should be seen as contributing to the
project’sgoals.Iwouldliketoexpressmysincerethankstoallthosementioned
abovefortheirencouragement.Last,butnotleast,thankstoDurhamlibrary,
andespeciallytoJohnLumsden,KatePage,CaroBaker,andHeatherMedcalf,
for having searched and made available a wide range of publications which
havegreatlyenrichedthiswork.
Portions of Chapter 1 were published in the introductory chapter of the
volumeeditedwithAnthonyD.SmithonNationalismandArchaeologyinthe
journalNationsandNationalism7.4.IdeassubsequentlyincludedinChapter2
were Wrst part of a lecture tour of Brazil in 1999 when, thanks to Professor
Pedro Funari, I was invited by the FAPESP (the Science Foundation of the
StateofSa˜oPauloinBrazil)toteachintheuniversitiesofCampinas,Joinville
andSa˜oPaulo.ThecoreofChapters4,7,and10wasinitiallydraftedduringa
lecture tour in Mexico (Mexico City, Xalapa, and Me´rida), organized by
Enrique Florescano and Alain Schnapp in December 1997, and other ideas