A Treatise on Northern Ireland, Volume 2: Control PDF
Preview A Treatise on Northern Ireland, Volume 2: Control
OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,22/3/2019,SPi A TREATISE ON NORTHERN IRELAND OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,22/3/2019,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,22/3/2019,SPi A Treatise on Northern Ireland Volume 2: Control The Second Protestant Ascendancy and the Irish State ’ BRENDAN O LEARY 1 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,22/3/2019,SPi 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©BrendanO’Leary2019 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2019 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018966384 ISBN978–0–19–883057–3 PrintedandboundinGreatBritainby ClaysLtd,ElcografS.p.A. LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,22/3/2019,SPi To the memories of my late mentors Liam Agnew, Alan Beattie, Walker Connor, Patricia Crone, Ernest Gellner, George W Jones, Tom Nossiter, and John. H. Whyte. OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,22/3/2019,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,22/3/2019,SPi Preface The second volume of three faces presentational difficulties. Is it the decorative filling,ordoesithavestandinginitsownright?Theauthorinsiststhatthiscase answers the latter question. What follows is an account of the rise and fall of a distinct control system in Northern Ireland between 1920 and 1972, set against the background of the trajectory of an increasingly independent Ireland, and a seeminglyincreasinglydetachedGreatBritain.Attheendoftheexperimentboth theLondonandDublingovernmentsreturntothestory.ALondon-runarmyof counterinsurgents,accompaniedbyintelligence agents, isalso deployed, initially aspeacekeepers. What happened in this half-century, it will be shown, cannot be explained withoutobservingtheeffectsofBritishandIrishstate-andnation-buildingupon the peoples of Northern Ireland. This volume also has distinct standing because thecontrolsystem,improvisedamidtheunfoldingoftheIrishrevolution,marked anoveldevelopmentintheannalsofcolonialisminIreland.Itwasanoutgrowth of colonialism, testament to the power of the settlers’ descendants both in the north-east of Ulster and in the emergent British democracy to resist the restor- ation of Irish autonomyunder Irish auspices. But it was also an innovation. For the first time, because of a carefully executed and manipulatively preserved partition,adistinctpoliticalsysteminIrelandwouldbecontrolledbyaProtestant demographic and electoral majority. The leaders of the Ulster Unionist Party, exploiting a mini-model of the Westminster mothership that they had initially shunned, wouldimprovise acontrol systemthatorganized thesettlers’descend- ants under a pan-Protestant alliance, and which disorganized cultural Catholics, Northern nationalists, and Irish republicans. All that they would do, including building a parliament at Stormont that would grace a country with twentyfold more citizens, would be done in the name of democracy, and the rights of the majority. The elements of control systems are elaborated in the opening conceptual conspectus that delineates the political science that disciplines the rest of the volume.HowandwhyUlsterUnionistleadersestablishedacontrolsystemisset outinsubsequenthistoricalchapters,exploitingrecentandpastscholarship,while theconcluding chaptersexplainits collapse,making similar usage of cumulative scholarship, governmental reports, archives, and interviews. In between, and certainly no filler in the sandwich, is a globally decisive moment: the Second WorldWaranditsrepercussions. Northern Ireland survived its first potential extinction just after sovereign Ireland was completing its political decolonization between 1937 and 1939. Ireland’s neutrality during the United Nations war against the Axis powers, a demonstrateditsnewfoundsovereignty,andcostIrishnationalismdear,especially inNorthernIreland.ButitdidsetIrelandonthepathtobettereconomicdevelop- ment.TheSecondWorldWar,especiallyitstiminganditsconsequences,savedthe recentlyestablishedBelfastregimefrombankruptcy,thoughitwasnotascloseto forcedreunificationasmanysubsequentlythought.After1943BasilBrookewould OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,22/3/2019,SPi viii Preface refurbish James Craig’s control system, but he had to admit a trojan horse, the Britishwelfarestate.Agenerationlateritsalumni,healthier,bettereducated,and more self-confident than their parents, would unleash a civil-rights movement, observedonblackandwhiteTVscreens,imitatinganothercivil-rightsmovement unfolding in the USA. Most of the marchers did not intend to bring the house down. It was those who refused their claims that brought the walls down, and precipitatedtheimplosionthatfollowed.Thestoryofthecollapseofthiscontrol systemexplainstheimmediatecausesoftheviolencethatwouldcontinueovera quarter of a century. InwritingtoanAmericancorrespondentin1885,FriedrichEngelswarnedthat thesecondvolumeofMarx’sCapitalwouldcausedisappointmentbecauseitwas purelyscientific,andlackedmuchsuitablematerialforagitation.¹Ifthisvolume occasions disappointment, I suspect that will not be because it will be deemed purelyscientific,orbecauseitlacksmaterialforagitators. ¹ FriedrichEngelstoSorge,1885,citedinHowardandKing(1989:8). OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,22/3/2019,SPi Contents: Volume 2 ListofFigures xiii ListofMaps xv ListofTables xvii ListofBoxes xix AbbreviationsandGlossary xxi Terminology xxxi 2.1. ConceptualConspectus:Control 1 ModelsofRuleandRoleModels 1 ThePlaceoftheDemos,andtheDemos’sPlace 4 ControlSystems 6 HegemonicandContestedControl 11 ComponentsofControl 14 2.2. NotanInch:GainingControlintheNorth,1919–1939 17 UncertainParchmentandFieryBeginnings:InspiringtheMinority inourMidst 18 PogromsandDeadlyEthnicRiots 25 EstablishingtheColdHouse 29 ConstitutionalControl 31 PolicingControl 36 TerritorialControl:NotanInch 38 LawwithoutBlindJustice 42 ElectionsasCensusesoftheLoyal 43 ThePoliticalEconomyofControl 48 AdministrativeControlandSegmentalPatronage 51 WhyControlDescribestheStormontSystem 53 ParallelSchools:ControlorthePriceofFaithorBoth? 55 WhatMotivatedControl? 57 2.3. DigestingDecolonization:FromDeclaredtoUndeclaredRepublic, 1919–1940 61 TheCircleofDecolonization:State-BuildingintheSouth 61 Republicanism,Imperialism,andtheTreatyDebate 63 TheProvisionalGovernment,theConstitutionoftheIrishFree State,andtheIrishCivilWar 75 SouthernProtestants:Expulsions,Exodus,DemographicCollapse, ortheNormalFateofaNationalMinority? 85 EstablishingaSovereignStateandAttainingExternalAssociation 104 TheConstitutionof1937:TheUndeclaredRepublic 108 TheAnglo-IrishAgreementsof1938 118 DecolonizedIreland:Neutrality,Statehood,andNationhood, 1938–1940 121
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