A Treatise of Legal Philosophy and General Jurisprudence: Volume 7: The Jurists’ Philosophy of Law from Rome to the Seventeenth Century, Volume 8: A History of the Philosophy of Law in The Common Law World, 1600–1900

546 Pages·2007·3.77 MB·English

by  Michael Lobban (auth.)

A TREATISE OF LEGAL PHILOSOPHY
AND GENERAL JURISPRUDENCE
Editor-in-Chief: Enrico Pattaro
Volume 8
A History of the Philosophy
of Law in The Common
Law World, 1600–1900
Michael Lobban
ATreatise of Legal Philosophy and General Jurisprudence
Volume 7
The Jurists’ Philosophy of Law from Rome to the Seventeenth Century
ATreatise of Legal Philosophy and General Jurisprudence
Editor-in-Chief
Enrico Pattaro, CIRSFID and Law Faculty, University of Bologna, Italy
Advisory Board
Norberto Bobbio †
Ronald M. Dworkin †
Lawrence M. Friedman, Stanford Law School, Stanford University, USA
Knud Haakonssen, Department of History, University of Sussex, UK
Associate Editors
Gerald J. Postema, Department of Philosophy, The University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
Peter G. Stein, Emeritus Regius Professor of Civil Law, University
of Cambridge, UK
Assistant Editor
Antonino Rotolo, CIRSFID and Law Faculty, University of Bologna, Italy
ATreatise of Legal Philosophy and General Jurisprudence
Volume 7
The Jurists’ Philosophy of Law from
Rome to the Seventeenth Century
edited by
Andrea Padovani
CIRSFID and Law Faculty, University of Bologna, Italy
and
Peter G. Stein
Emeritus Regius Professor of Civil Law, University of Cambridge, UK
with contributions by
Andrea Errera, Andrea Padovani, Kenneth Pennington, and Peter G. Stein
Editors
Andrea Padovani Peter G. Stein
University of Bologna Great Eversden
CIRSFID, Bologna, Italy Cambridge, UK
ISBN 978-94-017-9878-5 ISBN 978-94-017-9880-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9880-8

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TABLTEAB LOE OFF CCOONTNENTTES NTS V
A Note on the Authors IX
Preface XI
Abbreviations XIX
Chapter 1 - The Roman Jurists’ Conception of Law
(by Peter G. Stein) 1
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Legal Procedure 2
1.3. The Rise of the Jurists 4
1.4. The Arrival of Legal Theory 5
1.5. Jurist-law 7
1.6. The Ius gentium 7
1.7. Equity from Ius honorarium to the Postclassical Age 8
1.8. The Proculians and the Sabinians 11
1.9. Unwritten Law 13
1.10. Elegance in Language and Law 16
1.11. The Aesthetics of Juristic Reasoning 19
1.12. The Institutional Scheme 22
1.13. The Digest Title, De diversis regulis iuris antiqui,
and the General Principles of Law 25
1.14. The Historical Formation of Regulae iuris 27
1.15. Conclusion 29
Chapter 2 - The Metaphysical Thought of Late Medieval
Jurisprudence
(by Andrea Padovani) 31
2.1. Foreword 31
2.1.1. Why Metaphysics? 31
2.2. The Objects of Jurisprudence 36
2.2.1. Being and Essence. The Concept of Substance 36
2.2.2. The Concept of Substance in Jurisprudence.
Acts of Ethical Relevance 40
2.2.3. The Different Substantiality of Human Acts
and Natural Things 44
VI TREATISE, 7 - FROM ROME TO THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
2.2.4. The “Iura” Are Incorporeal Things and Secondary
Substances 47
2.2.5. The “Iura” Are Products of the Imagination.
The Mathematical Paradigm 51
2.2.6. The Scientific Nature of Jurisprudence 53
2.2.7. Jurisprudence Is a Theoretical as well as a Practical
Science. The “Debate of the Arts” 56
2.2.8. The Knowledge of the Primary Principles and the
Hierarchy of the Sciences 58
2.3. Theology and Law 61
2.3.1. Greek Logos and Christian Logos 61
2.3.2. Equity and Justice, Names of God. The Influence of
St. Augustine 63
2.3.3. From Equity in General to the Juridical Norm.
The Influence of Iohannes Eriugena 65
2.3.4. The Abandonment of Meta-Juridical Analysis
after Accursius 66
2.3.5. The Doctrine of the Ideas of God. A Neo-Platonic
Residue Indispensable to Medieval Philosophy 67
2.3.6. The “Iura” Are Encompassed in the Divine Word 69
2.3.7. Reasons for the Criticism of Plato 70
2.3.8. The Archetypes of the “Iura” Are in God 72
2.3.9. Perpetuity of the “Iura”: The Impact of the Book
on Causes 73
2.3.10.Traces of Averroism? 75
2.3.11.Conclusion 77
Chapter 3 - The Role of Logic in the Legal Science of the
Glossators and Commentators. Distinction, Dialectical Syllogism,
and Apodictic Syllogism: An Investigation into the
Epistemological Roots of Legal Science in the Late Middle Ages
(by Andrea Errera) 79
3.1. The First Half of the 12th Century: The Logica vetus and
Recourse to the Distinctio 79
3.1.1. The Logic and School of the Glossators 79
3.1.2. The Dichotomous Technique 81
3.1.3. Knowledge of Distinctio in the Context of the Logica
vetus: Porphyry’s Isagoge 84
3.1.4. The Epistemological Relevance of Distinctio at the Time
of the Logica vetus 87
3.1.5. The Role of Distinctio in the Field of Legal Science 89
TABLE OF CONTENTS VII
3.1.6. The Highpoint of the Doctrinal Development of
Distinctio at the Glossators’ School: The “Tree” of
Subdistinctiones 92
3.1.7. The Eminent Role of Distinctio in the Formulation of
Doctrine in the Early Decades of the Glossators’ School:
The Quaestiones legitimae 93
3.2. The Advent of the Logica nova in the Second Half of the
12th Century and the Evolution of the Quaestio Works 97
3.2.1. The Rediscovery of Aristotle’s Works on Logic and the
Birth of the Logica nova 97
3.2.2. The Syllogistic Method 101
3.2.3. The Legal Application of Syllogism in the Glossators’
School and the Quaestio de facto 105
3.2.4. The Inferential Mechanism of the Quaestio de facto 107
3.2.5. The Role of the Loci loicales per leges probati 110
3.2.6. The Dialectical Nature of the Syllogism Contained
in the Quaestio de facto and the Merely Probable Value
of the Solutio 113
3.2.7. The Syllogistic Method as a Doctrinal Tool in the
Construction of a Juridical System Based on the
Hermeneutic Extension of the Ius commune 117
3.3. The Establishment in the 13th Century of an Aristotelian
Epistemology Based on Posterior Analytics and the Birth
of the Commentators’ School 119
3.3.1. Translations of Posterior Analytics in the Second Half
of the 12th Century 119
3.3.2. The Re-exhumation of Aristotelian Epistemology 122
3.3.3. The General Adoption of the New Epistemology
and the Identification of the Principia propria of the
Individual Sciences 127
3.3.4. The Birth of the Commentators’ School 136
3.3.5. The Establishment of the Commentators’ School in Italy 142
3.3.6. Legal Principia, Word Lists, Consilia, and the Evolution
of the Doctrine of the Ius commune in the School
at Bologna 149
3.3.7. The Crisis in Aristotelian Epistemology and in Legal
Science Based on Syllogism 151
Chapter 4 - Politics in Western Jurisprudence
(by Kenneth Pennington) 157
4.1. The Jurisprudence of Sovereignty in the Twelfth
and Thirteenth Centuries 158
VIII TREATISE, 7 - FROM ROME TO THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
4.2. The Importance of Feudal Law for Political Institutions
in Medieval Society 172
4.3. The Jurisprudence of Secular and Ecclesiastical Institutions 181
4.4. The Jurists’ Role in Shaping the Political Thought from
1250 to 1500 190
4.5. Law and Political Thought 1500–1700 204
Bibliography 213
Index of Subjects 241
Index of Names 251
A NOTE ON THE AUTHORS
ANDREA PADOVANI was born in Imola, Italy, in 1947. He graduated in
law at the University of Bologna under the supervision of the late Prof. Guido
Rossi. He was at La Sapienza University from 1974 to 1986, serving as re-
search assistant at the Law Faculty’s Institute for the History of Law, directed
by Profs. Bruno Paradisi and Vincenzo Piano Mortari. He studied with Prof.
Stephan Kuttner in 1978 and 1979, receiving a research grant for the Vatican
Project at the Robbins Collection, Boalt Hall, Berkeley, California. In 1980 he
was Mitarbeiter at the Max-Planck Institute für Europäische Rechtsgeschi-
chte, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, directed by Prof. Helmut Coing. He be-
came associate professor in 1985, and then full professor in 1986, at the Uni-
versity of Parma. In 1998 the University of Bologna awarded him the chair in
the history of Italian law. His major publications include eleven monographs;
among them, Perché chiedi il mio nome? Dio, natura e diritto nel secolo XII
(Turin, Giappichelli, 1997); L’archivio di Odofredo, vol. 1 (Spoleto, Centro Ita-
liano sull’Alto Medioevo, 1992); Scientia Iuris: Introduzione al pensiero giuri-
dico medievale, vol. 1 (Parma, Casanova, 1989); and Studi storici sulla dottrina
delle sostituzioni (Milan, Giuffrè, 1983).
PETER G. STEIN is Emeritus Regius Professor of Civil Law in the University
of Cambridge. He is the author of Regulae Iuris: From Juristic Rules to Legal
Maxims (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1966); (with John Shand)
Legal Values in Western Society (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press,
1974) (Italian ed. 1981, Chinese ed. 2004); Legal Evolution: The Story of an
Idea (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980) (Japanese ed. 1987); Le-
gal Institutions: The Development of Dispute Settlement (London, Butterworth,
1984; Italian ed. 1987); The Character and Influence of the Roman Civil Law:
Historical Essays (London, Hambledon Press, 1988); (with F. de Zulueta) The
Teaching of Roman Law in England around 1200 (London, Selden Soc., 1990);
Roman Law in European History (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,
1999; German trans. 1996; Spanish ed. 2001; Italian ed. 2001; Japanese ed.
2003; Hungarian ed. 2005). He is an honorary Queen’s Counsel, a Fellow of
the British Academy, and a foreign Fellow of the Italian National Academy
(Lincei) and the Royal Belgian Academy and has received honorary doctorates
from the universities of Göttingen, Ferrara, Aberdeen, Perugia, and Paris II.
ANDREA ERRERA is Professor of History of Medieval and Modern Law at
Magna Graecia University in Catanzaro. Among his works are Arbor actio-