A transformational analysis of Turkish syntax

81 Pages·2017·5.725 MB·English

by  Robert H. Meskill

A TRANSFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS OF TURKISH SYNTAX
JANUA LINGUARUM
STUDIA MEMORIAE
NICOLAI YAN WIJK DEDICATA
edenda curai
C. H. VAN SCHOONEVELD
INDIANA UNIVERSITY
SERIES PRACTICA
51
1970
MOUTON
THE HAGUE • PARIS
A TRANSFORMATIONAL
ANALYSIS OF
TURKISH SYNTAX
by
ROBERT H. MESKILL
BROWN UNIVERSITY
1970
MOUTON
THE HAGUE • PARIS
© Copyright 1970 in The Netherlands.
Mouton & Co. N.V., Publishers, The Hague.
No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm,
or any other means, without written permission from the publishers.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 73-123123
Printed in The Netherlands by Mouton & Co., Printers, The Hague.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The present study is a revised version of my doctoral thesis, presented to the Graduate
School of the University of Texas in 1964. I wish to express my appreciation to
Professors W.P. Lehmann, A.A. Hill, E. Bach, and R.C. Troike, of the University
of Texas. All were generous with their time, their criticisms, and their interest,
although needless to say, the responsibility for any errors or for the conclusions
reached in the study is mine alone. I wish also to express my appreciation to the
Brown University Faculty Research Fund for the financial assistance which made
publication of this study possible. Finally, I am especially grateful to my wife for
her patience and aid as my principal informant.
R.H.M.
Providence, Rhode Island
August, 1968

TABLE OF CONTENTS
0. Introduction 11
1. Immediate Constituent Expansion Rules 13
1.1. Sentence 13
1.2. Verb Phrase 13
1.3. Copulative Verb 14
1.4. Aspect 14
1.5. Adjective 14
1.6.-9. Verb Categories 15
1.10.-14. Adjunct 15
1.15. Adverb 19
1.16.-23. Noun Phrase 20
1.24. Nominal 23
1.25. Nom 23
1.26.-31. Noun Categories 23
2. Sample Lexicon 26
3. Optional Transformations 30
3.1. Discontinuous Conjunction 30
3.2. Element Conjunction 32
3.3. String Conjunction 32
3.4. le (beraber) Conjunction 33
3.5. Additive dS 33
3.6. kl Subordinaton 34
3.7. kl Subordinator2 35
3.8. Demonstrative Nominal -ki 35
3.9. Infinitive 36
3.10. Noun Compounds 37
3.11. Genitive and Nominal Personal Suffixes 38
8 TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.12. Subordinate Clause 39
3.13. Conditional 40
3.14. Aorist Plus Negative Aorist Subordination 40
3.15. Subordination with -ken 41
3.16. Nominal Subordinate Clauses 41
3.17. Adjectival Construction with -dik, and -ecek 42
3.18. Subordination with -en 43
3.19. Subordination with -e 43
3.20. Subordination with -i 44
3.21. Restricted Deverbal Nouns 44
3.22. Deverbal Adjectives 47
3.23. Auxiliary Verb et 47
3.24. Causativei 48
3.25. Causative 48
2
3.26. Causative 49
3
3.27. Auxiliary Verb ol 49
3.28. Comparative Adjectives 50
3.29. Nonquantitative Adjectives in Noun-Phrase 50
3.30. Quantitative Adjectives in Noun-Phrase 52
3.31. Vocative 52
3.32. Past Tense 53
3.33. Plural 53
3.34. Optative 54
3.35. Negative 54
3.36. Abilitative 55
3.37. Passive 55
3.38. Reciprocal and Reflexive 56
3.39. Genitive Plus -ki 57
3.40. Deletion of the Genitive Noun Phrase 57
3.41. Indefinite Article 57
3.42. Superlative 58
3.43. Intensifier 58
3.44. Question-Word Questions 59
3.45. Emphatic Position of Question Marker -mi 59
3.46. Deletion of Specified Direct-Object Marker 59
3.47. Deletion of Auxiliary Verb et- 60
3.48. Emphatic Pitch Position 60
3.49. Emphatic Word Order 61
3.50. Juncture with Sustained or Rising Pitch 61
3.51. Emphatic Pitch Level 62
TABLE OF CONTENTS 9
4. Obligatory Transformations 63
4.1. Rearrangement of Demonstratives with Verbs like git- 'go', gel- 'come' 63
4.2. Personal Endings with -dik and -ecek 64
4.3. Pronouns with "postpositionr" or -le 64
4.4. Deletion of the Locative Marker -de with Specified Time Nominals . 65
4.5. Personal Endings with bura, §ura, ora, nere 65
4.6. Replacement of First Person Imperatives 66
4.7. Deletion of Second Person Imperative Questions 66
4.8. Clausal Cooccurrence Restrictions with the Past Conditional . .. 66
4.9. Plural Nominal Personal Endings 67
4.10. Plural Personal Pronouns 67
4.11. Subject-Verb Person Concord 67
4.12. Third Person Imperative Ending 68
4.13. Replacement of the Case Marker of the Direct Object 69
4.14. Position of "particle " 69
b
4.15. Pitch Peak with Questions 69
4.16. Pitch Peak with Numerals 70
4.17. 'Colorless' Pitch Peak 70
4.18. Question-Word Questions 71
4.19. Subject Pronoun Deletion 72
Appendix: Sample Derivations 73
Bibliography 76