A topical approach to life-span development

799 Pages·2018·127.079 MB·English

by  Santrock, John W.

A Topical Approach to
LIFE-SPAN
DEVELOPMENT
Ninth Edition
JOHN W. SANTROCK
A TOPICAL APPROACH
TO LIFE-SPAN
DEVELOPMENT
Ninth Edition
JOHN W. SANTROCK
University of Texas at Dallas
A TOPICAL APPROACH TO LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT, NINTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright © 2018 by McGraw-Hill
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ISBN 978-1-259-70878-7
MHID 1-259-70878-0
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Santrock, John W.
Title: A topical approach to life-span development / John W. Santrock,
University of Texas at Dallas.
Description: Ninth Edition. | Dubuque : McGraw-Hill Education, [2018] |
Revised edition of the author’s A topical approach to life-span
development, [2016]
Identifiers: LCCN 2017025311| ISBN 9781259708787 (alk. paper) | ISBN
1259708780 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Developmental psychology.
Classification: LCC BF713 .S257 2017 | DDC 305.2—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.
gov/2017025311
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a website does
not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not
guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.
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brief contents
SECTION 1 THE LIFE-SPAN PERSPECTIVE 1
1 Introduction 2
Appendix: Careers in Life-Span Development 40
SECTION 2 BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT,
AND HEALTH 44
2 Biological Beginnings 45
3 Physical Development and Biological Aging 86
4 Health 124
5 Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development 154
SECTION 3 COGNITIVE PROCESSES AND DEVELOPMENT 181
6 Cognitive Developmental Approaches 182
7 Information Processing 210
8 Intelligence 249
9 Language Development 277
SECTION 4 SOCIOEMOTIONAL PROCESSES AND DEVELOPMENT 301
10 Emotional Development and Attachment 302
11 The Self, Identity, and Personality 344
12 Gender and Sexuality 378
13 Moral Development, Values, and Religion 417
SECTION 5 SOCIAL CONTEXTS OF DEVELOPMENT 452
14 Families, Lifestyles, and Parenting 453
15 Peers and the Sociocultural World 497
16 Schools, Achievement, and Work 537
SECTION 6 ENDINGS 575
17 Death, Dying, and Grieving 576
McGraw-Hill Education Psychology APA Documentation Style Guide
iii
contents
About the Author xi
Expert Consultants xii
Preface xviii
THE LIFE-SPAN PERSPECTIVE 1
SECTION 1
CHAPTER 1 Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories 23
Introduction 2 Ethological Theory 24
Ecological Theory 25
The Life-Span Perspective 3
An Eclectic Theoretical Orientation 26
The Importance of Studying Life-Span
Research on Life-Span Development 27
Development 3
Methods for Collecting Data 27
Characteristics of the Life-Span Perspective 3
Research Designs 30
Some Contemporary Concerns 7
Time Span of Research 32
CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO
©H-Gall/Getty Images RF Conducting Ethical Research 34
LIFE Improving Family Policy 10
Minimizing Bias 34
The Nature of Development 11
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Pam Reid,
Biological, Cognitive, and Socioemotional Educational and Development
Processes 11 Psychologist 35
Periods of Development 12 Reach Your Learning Goals 36
The Significance of Age 14
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH Is There a APPENDIX
Best Time of Day to Conduct Research? 15
Careers in Life-Span
Developmental Issues 17
Development 40
Theories of Development 19
Psychoanalytic Theories 19
Cognitive Theories 21
BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES, PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT,
SECTION 2
AND HEALTH 44
CHAPTER 2 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Holly Ishmael,
Genetic Counselor 56
Biological Beginnings 45
Heredity and Environment Interaction:
The Evolutionary Perspective 46
The Nature-Nurture Debate 57
Natural Selection and Adaptive Behavior 46
Behavior Genetics 57
Evolutionary Psychology 46
CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Am I
Genetic Foundations of Development 49 an “I” or “We”? 58
The Collaborative Gene 49 Heredity-Environment Correlations 58
©MedicalRF.com/Getty Images RF Genes and Chromosomes 51 The Epigenetic View and Gene × Environment
Genetic Principles 53 (G × E) Interaction 59
Chromosomal and Gene-Linked Conclusions About Heredity-Environment
Abnormalities 54 Interaction 60
iv
Prenatal Development 61 CHAPTER 4
The Course of Prenatal Development 61 Health 124
Prenatal Diagnostic Tests 65
Health, Illness, and Disease 125
Hazards to Prenatal Development 66
Children’s Health 125
Prenatal Care 72
Adolescents’ Health 126
Birth and the Postpartum Period 73
Emerging and Young Adults’ Health 127
The Birth Process 74
Health and Aging 128
The Transition from Fetus to Newborn 76
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH How
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Linda Pugh,
Stressful Is Caring for an Alzheimer Patient
Perinatal Nurse 77
at Home? 132
Low Birth Weight and Preterm Infants 78
Nutrition and Eating Behavior 134
Bonding 79
Infancy 134
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH How Are
Childhood 136
Preterm Infants Affected by Touch? 80
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Barbara
The Postpartum Period 81
Deloian, Pediatric Nurse 137
Reach Your Learning Goals 83
CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO
LIFE Helping Overweight Children
CHAPTER 3
Lose Weight 138
Physical Development and
Adolescence 139
Biological Aging 86 Adult Development and Aging 140
Exercise 143
Body Growth and Change 87
Childhood and Adolescence 143
Patterns of Growth 87
Adulthood 145
Height and Weight in Infancy and Childhood 87
Aging and Longevity 145
Puberty 89
Early Adulthood 92 Substance Use 147
Middle Adulthood 93 Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood 148
Late Adulthood 95 Substance Use in Older Adults 151
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Sarah Kagan, Reach Your Learning Goals 152
Geriatric Nurse 95
The Brain 96 CHAPTER 5
The Neuroconstructivist View 96 Motor, Sensory, and
Brain Physiology 97
Perceptual Development 154
Infancy 98
Childhood 101 Motor Development 155
Adolescence 102 The Dynamic Systems View 155
CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO Reflexes 156
LIFE Strategies for Helping Gross Motor Skills 157
Adolescents Reduce Their Risk-
CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO
Taking Behavior 104
LIFE Parents, Coaches, and Children’s
Adulthood and Aging 104 Sports 161
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH The Nun Fine Motor Skills 162
Study 107
Sensory and Perceptual Development 164
Sleep 108 What are Sensation and Perception? 164
Why Do We Sleep? 108 The Ecological View 165
Infancy 108 Visual Perception 165
Childhood 111
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH How
Adolescence and Emerging Do Scientists Study the Newborn’s
Adulthood 111 Perception? 166
Adulthood and Aging 113 Hearing 172
Longevity and Biological Aging 114 Other Senses 174
Life Expectancy and Life Span 114 Intermodal Perception 176
Centenarians 115 Nature/Nurture and Perceptual Development 176
Biological Theories of Aging 118 Perceptual-Motor Coupling 178
Reach Your Learning Goals 121 Reach Your Learning Goals 179
Contents v
COGNITIVE PROCESSES AND DEVELOPMENT 181
SECTION 3
CHAPTER 6 Childhood 221
Cognitive Developmental Adulthood 225
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH How Well Do
Approaches 182
Adults Remember What They Learned in High
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development 183 School and College Spanish? 227
Processes of Development 183 Thinking 228
Sensorimotor Stage 184 What is Thinking? 228
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH How Do Infancy and Childhood 228
©JohnnyGreig/Getty Images RF Researchers Study Infants’ Understanding of CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Helen Hadani,
Object Permanence and Causality? 187 Ph.D., Developmental Psychologist, Toy
Preoperational Stage 190 Designer, and Associate Director of Research
Concrete Operational Stage 193 for the Center for Childhood Creativity 232
Formal Operational Stage 194 Adolescence 233
Adulthood 235
CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Are
Social Media an Amplification Tool for CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE The
Adolescent Egocentrism? 196 Remarkable Helen Small 239
Applying and Evaluating Piaget’s Metacognition 241
Theory 197 What is Metacognition? 241
Piaget and Education 197 Theory of Mind 242
Evaluating Piaget’s Theory 198 Metacognition in Adolescence and Adulthood 244
Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Reach Your Learning Goals 245
Development 199
The Zone of Proximal Development 200 CHAPTER 8
Scaffolding 200
Intelligence 249
Language and Thought 200
Teaching Strategies 201 The Concept of Intelligence 250
Evaluating Vygotsky’s Theory 202 What is Intelligence? 250
Intelligence Tests 250
Cognitive Changes in Adulthood 204
Theories of Multiple Intelligences 252
Piaget’s View 204
The Neuroscience of Intelligence 255
Realistic and Pragmatic Thinking 204
Reflective and Relativistic Thinking 204 Controversies and Group Comparisons 256
Cognition and Emotion 205 The Influence of Heredity and Environment 256
Is There a Fifth, Postformal Stage? 205 CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH Can Early
Are There Cognitive Stages in Middle and Intervention in the Lives of Children Growing
Up in Impoverished Circumstances Improve
Late Adulthood? 205
Their Intelligence? 258
Reach Your Learning Goals 207
Group Comparisons and Issues 259
The Development of Intelligence 260
CHAPTER 7
Tests of Infant Intelligence 260
Information Processing 210
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Toosje
The Information-Processing Approach 211 Thyssen Van Beveren, Infant Assessment
The Information-Processing Approach and Its Specialist 261
Application to Development 211 Stability and Change in Intelligence Through
Speed of Processing Information 213 Adolescence 262
Intelligence in Adulthood 262
Attention 214
What is Attention? 215 The Extremes of Intelligence and Creativity 266
Infancy 215 Intellectual Disability 267
Childhood and Adolescence 217 Giftedness 267
Adulthood 218 Creativity 270
Memory 219 CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Living
a More Creative Life 273
What is Memory? 219
Infancy 220 Reach Your Learning Goals 274
vi Contents
CHAPTER 9 Adolescence 291
Language Development 277 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Salvador
Tamayo, Teacher of English Language
What is Language? 278 Learners 292
Defining Language 278 Adulthood and Aging 292
Language’s Rule Systems 278
Biological and Environmental
How Language Develops 280 Influences 294
Infancy 281 Biological Influences 294
Early Childhood 283 Environmental Influences 295
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Sharla Peltier, CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE
Speech Therapist 284 How Parents Can Facilitate Infants’ and
Toddlers’ Language
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH What
Development 297
Characteristics of a Family Affect a Child’s
Language Development? 286 An Interactionist View of Language 298
Middle and Late Childhood 287 Reach Your Learning Goals 299
SOCIOEMOTIONAL PROCESSES AND
SECTION 4
DEVELOPMENT 301
CHAPTER 10 CHAPTER 11
Emotional Development The Self, Identity, and
and Attachment 302 Personality 344
Exploring Emotion 303 The Self 345
What Are Emotions? 303 Self-Understanding and Understanding
Emotion Regulation 304 Others 345
Emotional Competence 305 Self-Esteem and Self-Concept 351
©Jan Scherders/Getty Images RF Development of Emotion 306 Self-Regulation 355
Infancy 306 CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO
Early Childhood 309 LIFE Strategies for Effectively
Engaging in Selective Optimization
Middle and Late Childhood 310
with Compensation 358
Adolescence 312
Adult Development and Aging 312 Identity 359
What is Identity? 360
Temperament 315
Erikson’s View 360
Describing and Classifying
Some Contemporary Thoughts on
Temperament 315
Identity 360
Biological Foundations and
Developmental Changes 361
Experience 317
Identity and Social Contexts 363
Goodness of Fit and Parenting 319
CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO CONNECTING WITH CAREERS
LIFE Parenting and the Child’s Armando Ronquillo, High School
Temperament 320 Counselor 365
Attachment and Love 321 Personality 366
Infancy and Childhood 321 Trait Theories and the Big Five Factors
of Personality 366
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Wanda
Mitchell, Child-Care Director 331 Views on Adult Personality
Development 368
Adolescence 333
Generativity 371
Adulthood 334
Stability and Change 371
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH
Does the Breakup of a Romantic CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH
Relationship Present an Opportunity for Are Personality Traits Related to
Personal Growth? 340 Longevity? 372
Reach Your Learning Goals 341 Reach Your Learning Goals 375
Contents vii
CHAPTER 12 CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE
Reducing Adolescent Pregnancy 409
Gender and Sexuality 378
Adult Development and Aging 410
Biological, Social, and Cognitive Influences on
Reach Your Learning Goals 414
Gender 379
Biological Influences 379
CHAPTER 13
Social Influences 381
Moral Development, Values,
Cognitive Influences 384
and Religion 417
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH
What Are Young Children’s
Domains of Moral Development 418
Gender Schemas About
Occupations? 385 What Is Moral Development? 418
Moral Thought 418
Gender Stereotypes, Similarities,
Moral Behavior 423
Differences, and Classification 386
Moral Feeling 424
Gender Stereotyping 386
Moral Personality 427
Gender Similarities and Differences 387
Social Domain Theory 428
Gender-Role Classification 390
Contexts of Moral Development 429
Gender Development Through
Parenting 429
the Life Span 392
Schools 431
Childhood 392
Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior 434
Adolescence 392
Prosocial Behavior 434
Adulthood and Aging 393
Antisocial Behavior 437
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS
Cynthia de las Fuentes, College CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Rodney
Professor and Counseling Hammond, Health Psychologist 439
Psychologist 394
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH Does
Exploring Sexuality 396 Intervention Reduce Juvenile
Delinquency? 441
Biological and Cultural Factors 396
Sexual Orientation 397 Values, Religion, Spirituality, and Meaning
Sexually Transmitted Infections 399 in Life 442
Forcible Sexual Behavior and Sexual Values 442
Harassment 401 Religion and Spirituality 443
Sexuality Through the Life Span 402 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Gabriel
Dy-Liacco, Professor and Pastoral
Childhood 402
Counselor 446
Adolescence and Emerging
CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO
Adulthood 403
LIFE Religion and Coping 447
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS
Meaning in Life 448
Lynn Blankinship, Family and Consumer
Science Educator 409 Reach Your Learning Goals 449
SOCIAL CONTEXTS OF DEVELOPMENT 452
SECTION 5
CHAPTER 14 The Diversity of Adult Lifestyles 457
Families, Lifestyles, and Single Adults 457
Cohabiting Adults 458
Parenting 453
Married Adults 459
Family Processes 454 Divorced Adults 464
Reciprocal Socialization 454 Remarried Adults 466
Family as a System 455 Gay and Lesbian Adults 467
Sociocultural and Historical Parenting 468
©ImageDJ/age fotostock RF Influences 456 Parental Roles 469
Multiple Developmental Trajectories 457 Parenting Styles and Discipline 471
viii Contents
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Janis Keyser, Aging and the Social World 516
Parent Educator 472 Social Theories of Aging 516
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH Stereotyping of Older Adults 516
Are Marital Conflict, Individual Hostility, Social Support and Social
and the Use of Physical Punishment
Integration 517
Linked? 475
Successful Aging 518
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS
Sociocultural Influences 519
Darla Botkin, Marriage and Family
Therapist 476 Culture 519
Parent–Adolescent and Parent–Emerging Adult Socioeconomic Status and Poverty 527
Relationships 478 Ethnicity 530
Working Parents 481 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS Norma
Children in Divorced Families 482 Thomas, Social Work Professor and
Administrator 533
Stepfamilies 484
Reach Your Learning Goals 534
CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE
Communicating with Children About
Divorce 484 CHAPTER 16
Gay and Lesbian Parents 485 Schools, Achievement, and
Adoptive Parents and Adopted
Work 537
Children 486
Other Family Relationships 488 Schools 538
Sibling Relationships and Birth Contemporary Approaches to Student Learning and
Order 488 Assessment 538
Grandparenting and Great- Schools and Developmental Status 540
Grandparenting 490 CONNECTING WITH CAREERS
Intergenerational Relationships 491 Yolanda Garcia, Director of
Children’s Services, Head
Reach Your Learning Goals 494
Start 542
Educating Children with Disabilities 547
CHAPTER 15 Socioeconomic Status and Ethnicity
Peers and the Sociocultural in Schools 552
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS James Comer,
World 497
Child Psychiatrist 554
Peer Relations in Childhood and Achievement 554
Adolescence 498
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation 555
Exploring Peer Relations 498 Mastery Motivation and Mindset 556
Peer Statuses 501 Self-Efficacy 558
Bullying 503 Goal Setting, Planning, and
Gender and Peer Relations 504 Self-Monitoring 558
CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH Expectations 559
How Are Perspective Taking and Ethnicity and Culture 559
Moral Motivation Linked to
Bullying? 505 CONNECTING WITH RESEARCH
Parenting and Children’s Achievement:
Adolescent Peer Relations 505
My Child is My Report Card, Tiger
Friendship 507 Moms, and Tiger Babies Strike
Functions of Friendship 507 Back 561
Friendship During Childhood 507 Careers, Work, and Retirement 563
Friendship During Adolescence and Emerging Career Development 563
Adulthood 507
CONNECTING WITH CAREERS
CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT TO LIFE Grace Leaf, College/Career
Effective and Ineffective Strategies for Counselor and College Administrator 564
Making Friends 508 Work 564
Adult Friendship 509
CONNECTING DEVELOPMENT
Play and Leisure 511 TO LIFE Working During
College 566
Childhood 511
Adolescence 513 Retirement 569
Adulthood 514 Reach Your Learning Goals 572
Contents ix