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Dealey, James Quayle and Ward, Lester, Frank: A TEXT-BOOK OF SOCIOLOGY. (New York, London: Macmillan, 1905). [i] A TEXT-BOOK OF SOCIOLOGY [ii] [iii] A TEXT-BOOK OF SOCIOLOGY BY JAMES QUAYLE DEALEY, PH.D. PROFESSOR OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCE IN BROWN UNIVERSITY AND LESTER FRANK WARD, LL.D. OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AT WASHINGTON, D.C. New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD. 1905 All rights reserved [iv] COPYRIGHT, 1905, BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY ----------- Set up and electrotyped. Published July, 1905. Norwood Press J.S. Crushing & Co. – Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. [v] PREFACE THIS work is the outcome of a demand for a short text-book that would contain in essence a clear and concise statement of the field of sociology, its scientific basis, its principles as far as these are at present known, and its purposes. In the preparation of this book emphasis has been placed on three points: first, on the social forces as the dynamic agent working unconsciously toward natural individual ends and consciously toward collective achievement under the direction of the intellect; second, on the importance of material achievement as the basis of psychical development, and on the necessity of systematic general instruction in the fundamental principles of knowledge as a basis for right social life; and third, on the arrangement of the material so as to facilitate its use for purposes of reading clubs and classes. The work is based fundamentally on Pure sociology, but is in no respect a mere condensation of it. Using the material of this larger and more complete work as a basis, and supplementing it by numerous references to Dr. Ward's other sociological writings, an attempt has been made to prepare a sort of handbook containing in epitome the essential elements of a system of sociology. [vi] It is, of course, fully admitted that other writers looking at the subject from a different standpoint may reach conclusions somewhat unlike those here advanced, but each contribution toward sociological theorizing has its own special value, and adds to the sum total of scientific knowledge. Obviously the real justification for such elementary text-books in sociology must be found in the desire to present, in simple and popular form, those scientific principles that must ultimately be used as guides for collective activity. Action based on accurate knowledge is the keystone to social attainment. Special acknowledgment is made to Professor George Grafton Wilson of Brown University for many kindly and valuable suggestions. J. Q. DEALEY. LESTER F. WARD. FEBRUARY 15, 1905. [vii] CONTENTS (The number preceding each topic is that of the paragraph in the text.) PAGE PREFACE v BIBLIOGRAPHY xix INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I THE SCIENCE OF SOCIOLOGY 1. Man unsocial by nature. 2. Human and animal societies contrasted. 3. Pure and applied sociology. 4. Mathematical sociology. 5. Meaning of the term science. 6. Sociology a science. 7. The progress of science. 8. Progress of Sociology. 1 CHAPTER II CLASSIFICATION OF THE SCIENCES 9. Serial classification. 10. Comte's classification. 11. The true order of study. 12. Synoptical classification. 13. Filiation. 14. Basal sciences for sociology. 7 15. Sympodial development: 16. In botany. 17. In evolution. 18. In human history. 19. Anthropologic sympodes. 20. National decadence. 11 CHAPTER III DATA OF SOCIOLOGY 21. Classification of data. 22. The general sciences. 23. The requirement of a general education. 24. The special social sciences. 25. Sociology and economics. 26. Relations to [viii] PAGE other sciences. 27. Purpose of sociological study. 28. Importance of sociology. 16 CHAPTER IV METHODOLOGY 29. Importance of method. 3o. Logical sequence of ideas. 31. Science as a domain of laws, 32. Generalization: 33. In anthropology. 34. In great primary wants and Passions. 35. Law in history. 36. The law of parsimony: 37. Shown in the pursuit of interests. 24 CHAPTER V THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF SOCIOLOGY 38. Human achievement. 39. The natural history of man. 40. History of culture. 41. Distinction between organic and social evolution. 42. What is civilization? 43. Utilization of force and matter. 44. Material wealth. 45. Inventions as achievements. 46. Tools of the mind. 47. The industrial arts. 48. Protective achievements. 49. Human institutions as achievements. 50. Social continuity: 51. In historic races only. 52. Achievement through knowledge. 53. Genius. 54. Pessimism. 55. The love of achievement. 56. The immortality of deeds. 32 PART I ORIGIN AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOCIAL FORCES CHAPTER VI CREATIVE SYNTHESIS 57. Definition. 58. Creation. 59. Social ideals. 60. The poetic idea. 61. Poesis. 62. Genesis. 63. Each science a creative synthesis. 64. Sociology also. 65. The social mind a synthesis. 66. Synthetic creations of nature. 67. Cosmic creations. 68. Products and properties. 69. Development sympodial, 70. Filiation of the sciences. 48 [ix] CHAPTER VII THE DYNAMIC AGENT I. THE FEELINGS PAGE 71. Two prime agents in society. 72. Cosmic forces. 73. Social force. 74. Psychic forces. 75. Psychological basis of sociology. 76. The feelings subjective. 77. Appetition. 78. Desire. 79. Philosophy of desire. 80. Original desires. 81. Derivative desires. 82. Biological origin of the subjective faculties. 60 II. THE CONATIVE FACULTY 83. Energy of nature. 84. Mind force. 85. Desire a force. 86. The emotions as forces. 69 III. THE SOUL 87. Meaning of the term. 88. Its function 71 IV. THE WILL 89. Meaning of the term. 90. Optimism and pessimism. 91. Meliorism. 73 CHAPTER VIII CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOCIAL FORCES 92. Basis of classification. 93. Choice of terms. 94. Classification. 95. Meaning of terms. 96. Relationships among the social forces. 97. Paradoxes. 98. Relative value of feeling and function. 99. Enjoyment as an end. 100. Fear of natural phenomena. 101. Utilization of social forces. 76 PART II NATURE OF THE SOCIAL FORCES CHAPTER IX THE ONTOGENETIC FORCES 102. The struggle for subsistence. 86 [x] I. EXPLOITATION PAGE 103. Cannibalism. 104. Slavery. 105. Labor. 106. Forced labor. 107. Labor under the lash. 108. The ruling classes 87 II. PROPERTY 109. Communal. 110. Origin of individual property. 111. Rights in property. 112. Property as wealth. 113. Pursuit of wealth the mainspring of activity. 92 III. PRODUCTION 114. Slave production. 115. Machinofacture. 116. Importance of production 95 IV. SOCIAL DISTRIBUTION 117. The surplus. 118. The Ricardian law. 119. Causes of social distribution. 97 V. CONSUMPTION 120. Animal consumption. 121. Palatableness of food. 122. Protective wants. 123. Influence of comfort on development. 124. Physical importance of ample nutrition. 125. Nutrition essential to mental superiority. 100 CHAPTER X THE PHYLOGENETIC FORCES 126. Two theories of sex relationship. 106 127. I. THE ANDROCENTRIC THEORY 107 II. THE GYNECOCENTRIC THEORY 128. Female sex primary. 129. Biological development of the male. 130. Gynaecocracy. 131. Androcracy. 132. Andreclexis. 133. Subjugation of woman. 107 III. CLASSIFICATION OF THF PHYLOGENETIC FORCES 134. Classification 112 (1) Natural Love: 135. Definition. 136. Purity of natural love. 137. Regulation. 138. Celibacy. 139. Natural love a social necessity. 113